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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | COMMAND EXECUTION | EXIT VALUE | SECURITY NOTES | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | EXAMPLES | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS | CAVEATS | BUGS | SUPPORT | DISCLAIMER | COLOPHON |
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SUDO(8) System Manager's Manual SUDO(8)
sudo, sudoedit — execute a command as another user
sudo -h | -K | -k | -V sudo -v [-ABkNnS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p
prompt] [-u user] sudo -l [-ABkNnS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p
prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command [arg ...]] sudo [-ABbEHnPS]
[-C num] [-D directory] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-R
directory] [-T timeout] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i | -s] [command
[arg ...]] sudoedit [-ABkNnS] [-C num] [-D directory] [-g group]
[-h host] [-p prompt] [-R directory] [-T timeout] [-u user]
file ...
sudo, allows a permitted user to execute a command as the
superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.
The invoking user's real (not effective) user-ID is used to
determine the user name with which to query the security policy.
sudo, supports a plugin architecture for security policies,
auditing, and input/output logging. Third parties can develop
and distribute their own plugins to work seamlessly with the
sudo, front-end. The default security policy is sudoers, which
is configured via the file /etc/sudoers, or via LDAP. See the
“Plugins” section for more information.
The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user
has to run sudo,. The policy may require that users authenticate
themselves with a password or another authentication mechanism.
If authentication is required, sudo, will exit if the user's
password is not entered within a configurable time limit. This
limit is policy-specific; the default password prompt timeout for
the sudoers security policy is 5 minutes.
Security policies may support credential caching to allow the
user to run sudo, again for a period of time without requiring
authentication. By default, the sudoers policy caches
credentials on a per-terminal basis for 5 minutes. See the
timestamp_type and timestamp_timeout options in sudoers(5) for
more information. By running sudo, with the -v option, a user
can update the cached credentials without running a command.
On systems where sudo, is the primary method of gaining superuser
privileges, it is imperative to avoid syntax errors in the
security policy configuration files. For the default security
policy, sudoers(5), changes to the configuration files should be
made using the visudo(8) utility which will ensure that no syntax
errors are introduced.
When invoked as sudoedit, the -e option (described below), is
implied.
Security policies and audit plugins may log successful and failed
attempts to run sudo,. If an I/O plugin is configured, the
running command's input and output may be logged as well.
The options are as follows:
-A, --askpass
Normally, if sudo, requires a password, it will read it
from the user's terminal. If the -A (askpass) option is
specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is
executed to read the user's password and output the
password to the standard output. If the SUDO_ASKPASS
environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the
helper program. Otherwise, if sudo.conf(5) contains a
line specifying the askpass program, that value will be
used. For example:
# Path to askpass helper program
Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass
If no askpass program is available, sudo, will exit with
an error.
-B, --bell
Ring the bell as part of the password prompt when a
terminal is present. This option has no effect if an
askpass program is used.
-b, --background
Run the given command in the background. It is not
possible to use shell job control to manipulate
background processes started by sudo,. Most interactive
commands will fail to work properly in background mode.
-C num, --close-from=num
Close all file descriptors greater than or equal to num
before executing a command. Values less than three are
not permitted. By default, sudo, will close all open
file descriptors other than standard input, standard
output, and standard error when executing a command. The
security policy may restrict the user's ability to use
this option. The sudoers policy only permits use of the
-C option when the administrator has enabled the
closefrom_override option.
-D directory, --chdir=directory
Run the command in the specified directory instead of the
current working directory. The security policy may
return an error if the user does not have permission to
specify the working directory.
-E, --preserve-env
Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to
preserve their existing environment variables. The
security policy may return an error if the user does not
have permission to preserve the environment.
--preserve-env=list
Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to
add the comma-separated list of environment variables to
those preserved from the user's environment. The
security policy may return an error if the user does not
have permission to preserve the environment. This option
may be specified multiple times.
-e, --edit
Edit one or more files instead of running a command. In
lieu of a path name, the string "sudoedit" is used when
consulting the security policy. If the user is
authorized by the policy, the following steps are taken:
1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited
with the owner set to the invoking user.
2. The editor specified by the policy is run to edit
the temporary files. The sudoers policy uses the
SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables
(in that order). If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or
EDITOR are set, the first program listed in the
editor sudoers(5) option is used.
3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are
copied back to their original location and the
temporary versions are removed.
To help prevent the editing of unauthorized files, the
following restrictions are enforced unless explicitly
allowed by the security policy:
• Symbolic links may not be edited (version 1.8.15 and
higher).
• Symbolic links along the path to be edited are not
followed when the parent directory is writable by the
invoking user unless that user is root (version
1.8.16 and higher).
• Files located in a directory that is writable by the
invoking user may not be edited unless that user is
root (version 1.8.16 and higher).
Users are never allowed to edit device special files.
If the specified file does not exist, it will be created.
Unlike most commands run by sudo, the editor is run with
the invoking user's environment unmodified. If the
temporary file becomes empty after editing, the user will
be prompted before it is installed. If, for some reason,
sudo, is unable to update a file with its edited version,
the user will receive a warning and the edited copy will
remain in a temporary file.
-g group, --group=group
Run the command with the primary group set to group
instead of the primary group specified by the target
user's password database entry. The group may be either
a group name or a numeric group-ID (GID) prefixed with
the ‘#’ character (e.g., ‘#0’ for GID 0). When running a
command as a GID, many shells require that the ‘#’ be
escaped with a backslash (‘\’). If no -u option is
specified, the command will be run as the invoking user.
In either case, the primary group will be set to group.
The sudoers policy permits any of the target user's
groups to be specified via the -g option as long as the
-P option is not in use.
-H, --set-home
Request that the security policy set the HOME environment
variable to the home directory specified by the target
user's password database entry. Depending on the policy,
this may be the default behavior.
-h, --help
Display a short help message to the standard output and
exit.
-h host, --host=host
Run the command on the specified host if the security
policy plugin supports remote commands. The sudoers
plugin does not currently support running remote
commands. This may also be used in conjunction with the
-l option to list a user's privileges for the remote
host.
-i, --login
Run the shell specified by the target user's password
database entry as a login shell. This means that login-
specific resource files such as .profile, .bash_profile,
or .login will be read by the shell. If a command is
specified, it is passed to the shell as a simple command
using the -c option. The command and any args are
concatenated, separated by spaces, after escaping each
character (including white space) with a backslash (‘\’)
except for alphanumerics, underscores, hyphens, and
dollar signs. If no command is specified, an interactive
shell is executed. sudo, attempts to change to that
user's home directory before running the shell. The
command is run with an environment similar to the one a
user would receive at log in. Most shells behave
differently when a command is specified as compared to an
interactive session; consult the shell's manual for
details. The Command environment section in the
sudoers(5) manual documents how the -i option affects the
environment in which a command is run when the sudoers
policy is in use.
-K, --remove-timestamp
Similar to the -k option, except that it removes every
cached credential for the user, regardless of the
terminal or parent process ID. The next time sudo, is
run, a password must be entered if the security policy
requires authentication. It is not possible to use the
-K option in conjunction with a command or other option.
This option does not require a password. Not all
security policies support credential caching.
-k, --reset-timestamp
When used without a command, invalidates the user's
cached credentials for the current session. The next
time sudo, is run in the session, a password must be
entered if the security policy requires authentication.
By default, the sudoers policy uses a separate record in
the credential cache for each terminal (or parent process
ID if no terminal is present). This prevents the -k
option from interfering with sudo, commands run in a
different terminal session. See the timestamp_type
option in sudoers(5) for more information. This option
does not require a password, and was added to allow a
user to revoke sudo, permissions from a .logout file.
When used in conjunction with a command or an option that
may require a password, this option will cause sudo, to
ignore the user's cached credentials. As a result, sudo,
will prompt for a password (if one is required by the
security policy) and will not update the user's cached
credentials.
Not all security policies support credential caching.
-l, --list
If no command is specified, list the privileges for the
invoking user (or the user specified by the -U option) on
the current host. A longer list format is used if this
option is specified multiple times and the security
policy supports a verbose output format.
If a command is specified and is permitted by the
security policy for the invoking user (or the, user
specified by the -U option) on the current host, the
fully-qualified path to the command is displayed along
with any args. If -l is specified more than once (and the
security policy supports it), the matching rule is
displayed in a verbose format along with the command. If
a command is specified but not allowed by the policy,
sudo, will exit with a status value of 1.
-N, --no-update
Do not update the user's cached credentials, even if the
user successfully authenticates. Unlike the -k flag,
existing cached credentials are used if they are valid.
To detect when the user's cached credentials are valid
(or when no authentication is required), the following
can be used:
sudo -Nnv
Not all security policies support credential caching.
-n, --non-interactive
Avoid prompting the user for input of any kind. If a
password is required for the command to run, sudo, will
display an error message and exit.
-P, --preserve-groups
Preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By
default, the sudoers policy will initialize the group
vector to the list of groups the target user is a member
of. The real and effective group-IDs, however, are still
set to match the target user.
-p prompt, --prompt=prompt
Use a custom password prompt with optional escape
sequences. The following percent (‘%’) escape sequences
are supported by the sudoers policy:
%H expanded to the host name including the domain name
(only if the machine's host name is fully qualified
or the fqdn option is set in sudoers(5))
%h expanded to the local host name without the domain
name
%p expanded to the name of the user whose password is
being requested (respects the rootpw, targetpw, and
runaspw flags in sudoers(5))
%U expanded to the login name of the user the command
will be run as (defaults to root unless the -u option
is also specified)
%u expanded to the invoking user's login name
%% two consecutive ‘%’ characters are collapsed into a
single ‘%’ character
The custom prompt will override the default prompt
specified by either the security policy or the
SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. On systems that use
PAM, the custom prompt will also override the prompt
specified by a PAM module unless the passprompt_override
flag is disabled in sudoers.
-R directory, --chroot=directory
Change to the specified root directory (see chroot(8))
before running the command. The security policy may
return an error if the user does not have permission to
specify the root directory.
-S, --stdin
Write the prompt to the standard error and read the
password from the standard input instead of using the
terminal device.
-s, --shell
Run the shell specified by the SHELL environment variable
if it is set or the shell specified by the invoking
user's password database entry. If a command is
specified, it is passed to the shell as a simple command
using the -c option. The command and any args are
concatenated, separated by spaces, after escaping each
character (including white space) with a backslash (‘\’)
except for alphanumerics, underscores, hyphens, and
dollar signs. If no command is specified, an interactive
shell is executed. Most shells behave differently when a
command is specified as compared to an interactive
session; consult the shell's manual for details.
-U user, --other-user=user
Used in conjunction with the -l option to list the
privileges for user instead of for the invoking user.
The security policy may restrict listing other users'
privileges. When using the sudoers policy, the -U option
is restricted to the root user and users with either the
“list” priviege for the specified user or the ability to
run any command as root or user on the current host.
-T timeout, --command-timeout=timeout
Used to set a timeout for the command. If the timeout
expires before the command has exited, the command will
be terminated. The security policy may restrict the
user's ability to set timeouts. The sudoers policy
requires that user-specified timeouts be explicitly
enabled.
-u user, --user=user
Run the command as a user other than the default target
user (usually root). The user may be either a user name
or a numeric user-ID (UID) prefixed with the ‘#’
character (e.g., ‘#0’ for UID 0). When running commands
as a UID, many shells require that the ‘#’ be escaped
with a backslash (‘\’). Some security policies may
restrict UIDs to those listed in the password database.
The sudoers policy allows UIDs that are not in the
password database as long as the targetpw option is not
set. Other security policies may not support this.
-V, --version
Print the sudo, version string as well as the version
string of any configured plugins. If the invoking user
is already root, the -V option will display the options
passed to configure when sudo, was built; plugins may
display additional information such as default options.
-v, --validate
Update the user's cached credentials, authenticating the
user if necessary. For the sudoers plugin, this extends
the sudo, timeout for another 5 minutes by default, but
does not run a command. Not all security policies
support cached credentials.
-- The -- is used to delimit the end of the sudo, options.
Subsequent options are passed to the command.
Options that take a value may only be specified once unless
otherwise indicated in the description. This is to help guard
against problems caused by poorly written scripts that invoke
sudo with user-controlled input.
Environment variables to be set for the command may also be
passed as options to sudo, in the form VAR=value, for example
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pkg/lib. Environment variables may be
subject to restrictions imposed by the security policy plugin.
The sudoers policy subjects environment variables passed as
options to the same restrictions as existing environment
variables with one important difference. If the setenv option is
set in sudoers, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or
the command matched is ALL, the user may set variables that would
otherwise be forbidden. See sudoers(5) for more information.
When sudo, executes a command, the security policy specifies the
execution environment for the command. Typically, the real and
effective user and group and IDs are set to match those of the
target user, as specified in the password database, and the group
vector is initialized based on the group database (unless the -P
option was specified).
The following parameters may be specified by security policy:
• real and effective user-ID
• real and effective group-ID
• supplementary group-IDs
• the environment list
• current working directory
• file creation mode mask (umask)
• scheduling priority (aka nice value)
Process model
There are two distinct ways sudo, can run a command.
If an I/O logging plugin is configured to log terminal I/O, or if
the security policy explicitly requests it, a new pseudo-terminal
(“pty”) is allocated and fork(2) is used to create a second sudo,
process, referred to as the monitor. The monitor creates a new
terminal session with itself as the leader and the pty as its
controlling terminal, calls fork(2) again, sets up the execution
environment as described above, and then uses the execve(2)
system call to run the command in the child process. The monitor
exists to relay job control signals between the user's terminal
and the pty the command is being run in. This makes it possible
to suspend and resume the command normally. Without the monitor,
the command would be in what POSIX terms an “orphaned process
group” and it would not receive any job control signals from the
kernel. When the command exits or is terminated by a signal, the
monitor passes the command's exit status to the main sudo,
process and exits. After receiving the command's exit status,
the main sudo, process passes the command's exit status to the
security policy's close function, as well as the close function
of any configured audit plugin, and exits. This mode is the
default for sudo versions 1.9.14 and above when using the sudoers
policy.
If no pty is used, sudo, calls fork(2), sets up the execution
environment as described above, and uses the execve(2) system
call to run the command in the child process. The main sudo,
process waits until the command has completed, then passes the
command's exit status to the security policy's close function, as
well as the close function of any configured audit plugins, and
exits. As a special case, if the policy plugin does not define a
close function, sudo, will execute the command directly instead
of calling fork(2) first. The sudoers policy plugin will only
define a close function when I/O logging is enabled, a pty is
required, an SELinux role is specified, the command has an
associated timeout, or the pam_session or pam_setcred options are
enabled. Both pam_session and pam_setcred are enabled by default
on systems using PAM. This mode is the default for sudo versions
prior to 1.9.14 when using the sudoers policy.
On systems that use PAM, the security policy's close function is
responsible for closing the PAM session. It may also log the
command's exit status.
Signal handling
When the command is run as a child of the sudo, process, sudo,
will relay signals it receives to the command. The SIGINT and
SIGQUIT signals are only relayed when the command is being run in
a new pty or when the signal was sent by a user process, not the
kernel. This prevents the command from receiving SIGINT twice
each time the user enters control-C. Some signals, such as
SIGSTOP and SIGKILL, cannot be caught and thus will not be
relayed to the command. As a general rule, SIGTSTP should be
used instead of SIGSTOP when you wish to suspend a command being
run by sudo,.
As a special case, sudo, will not relay signals that were sent by
the command it is running. This prevents the command from
accidentally killing itself. On some systems, the reboot(8)
utility sends SIGTERM to all non-system processes other than
itself before rebooting the system. This prevents sudo, from
relaying the SIGTERM signal it received back to reboot(8), which
might then exit before the system was actually rebooted, leaving
it in a half-dead state similar to single user mode. Note,
however, that this check only applies to the command run by sudo,
and not any other processes that the command may create. As a
result, running a script that calls reboot(8) or shutdown(8) via
sudo, may cause the system to end up in this undefined state
unless the reboot(8) or shutdown(8) are run using the exec()
family of functions instead of system() (which interposes a shell
between the command and the calling process).
Plugins
Plugins may be specified via Plugin directives in the
sudo.conf(5) file. They may be loaded as dynamic shared objects
(on systems that support them), or compiled directly into the
sudo, binary. If no sudo.conf(5) file is present, or if it
doesn't contain any Plugin lines, sudo, will use sudoers(5) for
the policy, auditing, and I/O logging plugins. See the
sudo.conf(5) manual for details of the /etc/sudo.conf file and
the sudo_plugin(5) manual for more information about the sudo,
plugin architecture.
Upon successful execution of a command, the exit status from
sudo, will be the exit status of the program that was executed.
If the command terminated due to receipt of a signal, sudo, will
send itself the same signal that terminated the command.
If the -l option was specified without a command, sudo, will exit
with a value of 0 if the user is allowed to run sudo, and they
authenticated successfully (as required by the security policy).
If a command is specified with the -l option, the exit value will
only be 0 if the command is permitted by the security policy,
otherwise it will be 1.
If there is an authentication failure, a configuration/permission
problem, or if the given command cannot be executed, sudo, exits
with a value of 1. In the latter case, the error string is
printed to the standard error. If sudo, cannot stat(2) one or
more entries in the user's PATH, an error is printed to the
standard error. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not
really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is
printed.) This should not happen under normal circumstances.
The most common reason for stat(2) to return “permission denied”
is if you are running an automounter and one of the directories
in your PATH is on a machine that is currently unreachable.
sudo, tries to be safe when executing external commands.
To prevent command spoofing, sudo, checks "." and "" (both
denoting current directory) last when searching for a command in
the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH). Depending on
the security policy, the user's PATH environment variable may be
modified, replaced, or passed unchanged to the program that sudo,
executes.
Users should never be granted sudo, privileges to execute files
that are writable by the user or that reside in a directory that
is writable by the user. If the user can modify or replace the
command there is no way to limit what additional commands they
can run.
By default, sudo, will only log the command it explicitly runs.
If a user runs a command such as ‘sudo su’ or ‘sudo sh’,
subsequent commands run from that shell are not subject to sudo's
security policy. The same is true for commands that offer shell
escapes (including most editors). If I/O logging is enabled,
subsequent commands will have their input and/or output logged,
but there will not be traditional logs for those commands.
Because of this, care must be taken when giving users access to
commands via sudo, to verify that the command does not
inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For
information on ways to address this, see the Preventing shell
escapes section in sudoers(5).
To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information,
sudo, disables core dumps by default while it is executing (they
are re-enabled for the command that is run). This historical
practice dates from a time when most operating systems allowed
set-user-ID processes to dump core by default. To aid in
debugging sudo, crashes, you may wish to re-enable core dumps by
setting “disable_coredump” to false in the sudo.conf(5) file as
follows:
Set disable_coredump false
See the sudo.conf(5) manual for more information.
sudo, utilizes the following environment variables. The security
policy has control over the actual content of the command's
environment.
EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if
neither SUDO_EDITOR nor VISUAL is set.
MAIL Set to the mail spool of the target user when
the -i option is specified, or when env_reset is
enabled in sudoers (unless MAIL is present in
the env_keep list).
HOME Set to the home directory of the target user
when the -i or -H options are specified, when
the -s option is specified and set_home is set
in sudoers, when always_set_home is enabled in
sudoers, or when env_reset is enabled in sudoers
and HOME is not present in the env_keep list.
LOGNAME Set to the login name of the target user when
the -i option is specified, when the set_logname
option is enabled in sudoers, or when the
env_reset option is enabled in sudoers (unless
LOGNAME is present in the env_keep list).
PATH May be overridden by the security policy.
SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option.
SUDO_ASKPASS Specifies the path to a helper program used to
read the password if no terminal is available or
if the -A option is specified.
SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo, including any
args. The args are truncated at 4096 characters
to prevent a potential execution error.
SUDO_EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode.
SUDO_GID Set to the group-ID of the user who invoked
sudo.
SUDO_HOME Set to the home directory of the user who
invoked sudo.
SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt unless the
-p option was specified.
SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the
program being run.
SUDO_UID Set to the user-ID of the user who invoked sudo.
SUDO_USER Set to the login name of the user who invoked
sudo.
USER Set to the same value as LOGNAME, described
above.
VISUAL Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if
SUDO_EDITOR is not set.
/etc/sudo.conf sudo, front-end configuration
The following examples assume a properly configured security
policy.
To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
$ sudo ls /usr/local/protected
To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the
file system holding ~yaz is not exported as root:
$ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz
To edit the index.html file as user www:
$ sudoedit -u www ~www/htdocs/index.html
To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm
group:
$ sudo -g adm more /var/log/syslog
To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:
$ sudoedit -u jim -g audio ~jim/sound.txt
To shut down a machine:
$ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"
To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
partition. The commands are run in a sub-shell to allow the ‘cd’
command and file redirection to work.
$ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
Error messages produced by sudo, include:
editing files in a writable directory is not permitted
By default, sudoedit does not permit editing a file when
any of the parent directories are writable by the invoking
user. This avoids a race condition that could allow the
user to overwrite an arbitrary file. See the
sudoedit_checkdir option in sudoers(5) for more
information.
editing symbolic links is not permitted
By default, sudoedit does not follow symbolic links when
opening files. See the sudoedit_follow option in
sudoers(5) for more information.
effective uid is not 0, is sudo installed setuid root?
sudo, was not run with root privileges. The sudo, binary
must be owned by the root user and have the set-user-ID bit
set. Also, it must not be located on a file system mounted
with the ‘nosuid’ option or on an NFS file system that maps
uid 0 to an unprivileged uid.
effective uid is not 0, is sudo on a file system with the
'nosuid' option set or an NFS file system without root
privileges?
sudo, was not run with root privileges. The sudo, binary
has the proper owner and permissions but it still did not
run with root privileges. The most common reason for this
is that the file system the sudo, binary is located on is
mounted with the ‘nosuid’ option or it is an NFS file
system that maps uid 0 to an unprivileged uid.
fatal error, unable to load plugins
An error occurred while loading or initializing the plugins
specified in sudo.conf(5).
invalid environment variable name
One or more environment variable names specified via the -E
option contained an equal sign (‘=’). The arguments to the
-E option should be environment variable names without an
associated value.
no password was provided
When sudo, tried to read the password, it did not receive
any characters. This may happen if no terminal is
available (or the -S option is specified) and the standard
input has been redirected from /dev/null.
a terminal is required to read the password
sudo, needs to read the password but there is no mechanism
available for it to do so. A terminal is not present to
read the password from, sudo, has not been configured to
read from the standard input, the -S option was not used,
and no askpass helper has been specified either via the
sudo.conf(5) file or the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable.
no writable temporary directory found
sudoedit was unable to find a usable temporary directory in
which to store its intermediate files.
The “no new privileges” flag is set, which prevents sudo from
running as root.
sudo, was run by a process that has the Linux “no new
privileges” flag is set. This causes the set-user-ID bit
to be ignored when running an executable, which will
prevent sudo, from functioning. The most likely cause for
this is running sudo, within a container that sets this
flag. Check the documentation to see if it is possible to
configure the container such that the flag is not set.
sudo must be owned by uid 0 and have the setuid bit set
sudo, was not run with root privileges. The sudo, binary
does not have the correct owner or permissions. It must be
owned by the root user and have the set-user-ID bit set.
sudoedit is not supported on this platform
It is only possible to run sudoedit on systems that support
setting the effective user-ID.
timed out reading password
The user did not enter a password before the password
timeout (5 minutes by default) expired.
you do not exist in the passwd database
Your user-ID does not appear in the system passwd database.
you may not specify environment variables in edit mode
It is only possible to specify environment variables when
running a command. When editing a file, the editor is run
with the user's environment unmodified.
su(1), stat(2), login_cap(3), passwd(5), sudo.conf(5),
sudo_plugin(5), sudoers(5), sudoers_timestamp(5), sudoreplay(8),
visudo(8)
See the HISTORY.md file in the sudo, distribution
(https://www.sudo.ws/about/history/) for a brief history of sudo.
Many people have worked on sudo, over the years; this version
consists of code written primarily by:
Todd C. Miller
See the CONTRIBUTORS.md file in the sudo, distribution
(https://www.sudo.ws/about/contributors/) for an exhaustive list
of people who have contributed to sudo,.
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell
if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via sudo,.
Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to run
commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding sudo's checks.
However, on most systems it is possible to prevent shell escapes
with the sudoers(5) plugin's noexec functionality.
It is not meaningful to run the ‘cd’ command directly via sudo,
e.g.,
$ sudo cd /usr/local/protected
since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will
still be the same. The -D option can be used to run a command in
a specific directory.
Running shell scripts via sudo, can expose the same kernel bugs
that make set-user-ID shell scripts unsafe on some operating
systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory, set-user-ID shell
scripts are generally safe).
If you believe you have found a bug in sudo,, you can either file
a bug report in the sudo bug database, https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/,
or open an issue at https://github.com/sudo-project/sudo/issues.
If you would prefer to use email, messages may be sent to the
sudo-workers mailing list,
https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-workers (public) or
<[email protected]> (private).
Please not report security vulnerabilities through public GitHub
issues, Bugzilla or mailing lists. Instead, report them via
email to <[email protected]>. You may encrypt your message
with PGP if you would like, using the key found at
https://www.sudo.ws/dist/PGPKEYS.
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing
list, see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to
subscribe or search the archives.
sudo, is provided “AS IS” and any express or implied warranties,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are
disclaimed. See the LICENSE.md file distributed with sudo, or
https://www.sudo.ws/about/license/ for complete details.
This page is part of the sudo (execute a command as another user)
project. Information about the project can be found at
https://www.sudo.ws/. If you have a bug report for this manual
page, see ⟨https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/⟩. This page was obtained
from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://github.com/sudo-project/sudo⟩ on 2024-06-14. (At that
time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in the
repository was 2024-06-08.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
[email protected]
Sudo 1.9.16 August 9, 2023 SUDO(8)
Pages that refer to this page: homectl(1), importctl(1), journalctl(1), localectl(1), loginctl(1), machinectl(1), portablectl(1), run0(1), setpriv(1), systemctl(1), systemd(1), systemd-analyze(1), systemd-ask-password(1), systemd-inhibit(1), systemd-nspawn(1), systemd-vmspawn(1), timedatectl(1), userdbctl(1), nsswitch.conf(5), credentials(7), systemd-tmpfiles(8)
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HTML rendering created 2024-06-26 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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