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PCRE2GREP(1) General Commands Manual PCRE2GREP(1)
pcre2grep - a grep with Perl-compatible regular expressions.
pcre2grep [options] [long options] [pattern] [path1 path2 ...]
pcre2grep searches files for character patterns, in the same way
as other grep commands do, but it uses the PCRE2 regular
expression library to support patterns that are compatible with
the regular expressions of Perl 5. See pcre2syntax(3) for a
quick-reference summary of pattern syntax, or pcre2pattern(3) for
a full description of the syntax and semantics of the regular
expressions that PCRE2 supports.
Patterns, whether supplied on the command line or in a separate
file, are given without delimiters. For example:
pcre2grep Thursday /etc/motd
If you attempt to use delimiters (for example, by surrounding a
pattern with slashes, as is common in Perl scripts), they are
interpreted as part of the pattern. Quotes can of course be used
to delimit patterns on the command line because they are
interpreted by the shell, and indeed quotes are required if a
pattern contains white space or shell metacharacters.
The first argument that follows any option settings is treated as
the single pattern to be matched when neither -e nor -f is
present. Conversely, when one or both of these options are used
to specify patterns, all arguments are treated as path names. At
least one of -e, -f, or an argument pattern must be provided.
If no files are specified, pcre2grep reads the standard input.
The standard input can also be referenced by a name consisting of
a single hyphen. For example:
pcre2grep some-pattern file1 - file3
By default, input files are searched line by line, so pattern
assertions about the beginning and end of a subject string (^, $,
\A, \Z, and \z) match at the beginning and end of each line. When
a line matches a pattern, it is copied to the standard output,
and if there is more than one file, the file name is output at
the start of each line, followed by a colon. However, there are
options that can change how pcre2grep behaves. For example, the
-M option makes it possible to search for strings that span line
boundaries. What defines a line boundary is controlled by the -N
(--newline) option. The -h and -H options control whether or not
file names are shown, and the -Z option changes the file name
terminator to a zero byte.
The amount of memory used for buffering files that are being
scanned is controlled by parameters that can be set by the
--buffer-size and --max-buffer-size options. The first of these
sets the size of buffer that is obtained at the start of
processing. If an input file contains very long lines, a larger
buffer may be needed; this is handled by automatically extending
the buffer, up to the limit specified by --max-buffer-size. The
default values for these parameters can be set when pcre2grep is
built; if nothing is specified, the defaults are set to 20KiB and
1MiB respectively. An error occurs if a line is too long and the
buffer can no longer be expanded.
The block of memory that is actually used is three times the
"buffer size", to allow for buffering "before" and "after" lines.
If the buffer size is too small, fewer than requested "before"
and "after" lines may be output.
When matching with a multiline pattern, the size of the buffer
must be at least half of the maximum match expected or the
pattern might fail to match.
Patterns can be no longer than 8KiB or BUFSIZ bytes, whichever is
the greater. BUFSIZ is defined in <stdio.h>. When there is more
than one pattern (specified by the use of -e and/or -f), each
pattern is applied to each line in the order in which they are
defined, except that all the -e patterns are tried before the -f
patterns.
By default, as soon as one pattern matches a line, no further
patterns are considered. However, if --colour (or --color) is
used to colour the matching substrings, or if --only-matching,
--file-offsets, --line-offsets, or --output is used to output
only the part of the line that matched (either shown literally,
or as an offset), the behaviour is different. In this situation,
all the patterns are applied to the line. If there is more than
one match, the one that begins nearest to the start of the
subject is processed; if there is more than one match at that
position, the one with the longest matching substring is
processed; if the matching substrings are equal, the first match
found is processed.
Scanning with all the patterns resumes immediately following the
match, so that later matches on the same line can be found. Note,
however, that an overlapping match that starts in the middle of
another match will not be processed.
The above behaviour was changed at release 10.41 to be more
compatible with GNU grep. In earlier releases, pcre2grep did not
recognize matches from later patterns that were earlier in the
subject.
Patterns that can match an empty string are accepted, but empty
string matches are never recognized. An example is the pattern
"(super)?(man)?", in which all components are optional. This
pattern finds all occurrences of both "super" and "man"; the
output differs from matching with "super|man" when only the
matching substrings are being shown.
If the LC_ALL or LC_CTYPE environment variable is set, pcre2grep
uses the value to set a locale when calling the PCRE2 library.
The --locale option can be used to override this.
Compile-time options for pcre2grep can set it up to use libz or
libbz2 for reading compressed files whose names end in .gz or
.bz2, respectively. You can find out whether your pcre2grep
binary has support for one or both of these file types by running
it with the --help option. If the appropriate support is not
present, all files are treated as plain text. The standard input
is always so treated. If a file with a .gz or .bz2 extension is
not in fact compressed, it is read as a plain text file. When
input is from a compressed .gz or .bz2 file, the --line-buffered
option is ignored.
By default, a file that contains a binary zero byte within the
first 1024 bytes is identified as a binary file, and is processed
specially. However, if the newline type is specified as NUL, that
is, the line terminator is a binary zero, the test for a binary
file is not applied. See the --binary-files option for a means of
changing the way binary files are handled.
Patterns passed from the command line are strings that are
terminated by a binary zero, so cannot contain internal zeros.
However, patterns that are read from a file via the -f option may
contain binary zeros.
The order in which some of the options appear can affect the
output. For example, both the -H and -l options affect the
printing of file names. Whichever comes later in the command line
will be the one that takes effect. Similarly, except where noted
below, if an option is given twice, the later setting is used.
Numerical values for options may be followed by K or M, to
signify multiplication by 1024 or 1024*1024 respectively.
-- This terminates the list of options. It is useful if the
next item on the command line starts with a hyphen but is
not an option. This allows for the processing of patterns
and file names that start with hyphens.
-A number, --after-context=number
Output up to number lines of context after each matching
line. Fewer lines are output if the next match or the end
of the file is reached, or if the processing buffer size
has been set too small. If file names and/or line numbers
are being output, a hyphen separator is used instead of a
colon for the context lines (the -Z option can be used to
change the file name terminator to a zero byte). A line
containing "--" is output between each group of lines,
unless they are in fact contiguous in the input file. The
value of number is expected to be relatively small. When
-c is used, -A is ignored.
-a, --text
Treat binary files as text. This is equivalent to
--binary-files=text.
--allow-lookaround-bsk
PCRE2 now forbids the use of \K in lookarounds by default,
in line with Perl. This option causes pcre2grep to set
the PCRE2_EXTRA_ALLOW_LOOKAROUND_BSK option, which enables
this somewhat dangerous usage.
-B number, --before-context=number
Output up to number lines of context before each matching
line. Fewer lines are output if the previous match or the
start of the file is within number lines, or if the
processing buffer size has been set too small. If file
names and/or line numbers are being output, a hyphen
separator is used instead of a colon for the context lines
(the -Z option can be used to change the file name
terminator to a zero byte). A line containing "--" is
output between each group of lines, unless they are in
fact contiguous in the input file. The value of number is
expected to be relatively small. When -c is used, -B is
ignored.
--binary-files=word
Specify how binary files are to be processed. If the word
is "binary" (the default), pattern matching is performed
on binary files, but the only output is "Binary file
<name> matches" when a match succeeds. If the word is
"text", which is equivalent to the -a or --text option,
binary files are processed in the same way as any other
file. In this case, when a match succeeds, the output may
be binary garbage, which can have nasty effects if sent to
a terminal. If the word is "without-match", which is
equivalent to the -I option, binary files are not
processed at all; they are assumed not to be of interest
and are skipped without causing any output or affecting
the return code.
--buffer-size=number
Set the parameter that controls how much memory is
obtained at the start of processing for buffering files
that are being scanned. See also --max-buffer-size below.
-C number, --context=number
Output number lines of context both before and after each
matching line. This is equivalent to setting both -A and
-B to the same value.
-c, --count
Do not output lines from the files that are being scanned;
instead output the number of lines that would have been
shown, either because they matched, or, if -v is set,
because they failed to match. By default, this count is
exactly the same as the number of lines that would have
been output, but if the -M (multiline) option is used
(without -v), there may be more suppressed lines than the
count (that is, the number of matches).
If no lines are selected, the number zero is output. If
several files are being scanned, a count is output for
each of them and the -t option can be used to cause a
total to be output at the end. However, if the --files-
with-matches option is also used, only those files whose
counts are greater than zero are listed. When -c is used,
the -A, -B, and -C options are ignored.
--colour, --color
If this option is given without any data, it is equivalent
to "--colour=auto". If data is required, it must be given
in the same shell item, separated by an equals sign.
--colour=value, --color=value
This option specifies under what circumstances the parts
of a line that matched a pattern should be coloured in the
output. It is ignored if --file-offsets, --line-offsets,
or --output is set. By default, output is not coloured.
The value for the --colour option (which is optional, see
above) may be "never", "always", or "auto". In the latter
case, colouring happens only if the standard output is
connected to a terminal. More resources are used when
colouring is enabled, because pcre2grep has to search for
all possible matches in a line, not just one, in order to
colour them all.
The colour that is used can be specified by setting one of
the environment variables PCRE2GREP_COLOUR,
PCRE2GREP_COLOR, PCREGREP_COLOUR, or PCREGREP_COLOR, which
are checked in that order. If none of these are set,
pcre2grep looks for GREP_COLORS or GREP_COLOR (in that
order). The value of the variable should be a string of
two numbers, separated by a semicolon, except in the case
of GREP_COLORS, which must start with "ms=" or "mt="
followed by two semicolon-separated colours, terminated by
the end of the string or by a colon. If GREP_COLORS does
not start with "ms=" or "mt=" it is ignored, and
GREP_COLOR is checked.
If the string obtained from one of the above variables
contains any characters other than semicolon or digits,
the setting is ignored and the default colour is used. The
string is copied directly into the control string for
setting colour on a terminal, so it is your responsibility
to ensure that the values make sense. If no relevant
environment variable is set, the default is "1;31", which
gives red.
-D action, --devices=action
If an input path is not a regular file or a directory,
"action" specifies how it is to be processed. Valid values
are "read" (the default) or "skip" (silently skip the
path).
-d action, --directories=action
If an input path is a directory, "action" specifies how it
is to be processed. Valid values are "read" (the default
in non-Windows environments, for compatibility with GNU
grep), "recurse" (equivalent to the -r option), or "skip"
(silently skip the path, the default in Windows
environments). In the "read" case, directories are read as
if they were ordinary files. In some operating systems the
effect of reading a directory like this is an immediate
end-of-file; in others it may provoke an error.
--depth-limit=number
See --match-limit below.
-E, --case-restrict
When case distinctions are being ignored in Unicode mode,
two ASCII letters (K and S) will by default match Unicode
characters U+212A (Kelvin sign) and U+017F (long S)
respectively, as well as their lower case ASCII
counterparts. When this option is set, case equivalences
are restricted such that no ASCII character matches a non-
ASCII character, and vice versa.
-e pattern, --regex=pattern, --regexp=pattern
Specify a pattern to be matched. This option can be used
multiple times in order to specify several patterns. It
can also be used as a way of specifying a single pattern
that starts with a hyphen. When -e is used, no argument
pattern is taken from the command line; all arguments are
treated as file names. There is no limit to the number of
patterns. They are applied to each line in the order in
which they are defined.
If -f is used with -e, the command line patterns are
matched first, followed by the patterns from the file(s),
independent of the order in which these options are
specified.
--exclude=pattern
Files (but not directories) whose names match the pattern
are skipped without being processed. This applies to all
files, whether listed on the command line, obtained from
--file-list, or by scanning a directory. The pattern is a
PCRE2 regular expression, and is matched against the final
component of the file name, not the entire path. The -F,
-w, and -x options do not apply to this pattern. The
option may be given any number of times in order to
specify multiple patterns. If a file name matches both an
--include and an --exclude pattern, it is excluded. There
is no short form for this option.
--exclude-from=filename
Treat each non-empty line of the file as the data for an
--exclude option. What constitutes a newline when reading
the file is the operating system's default. The --newline
option has no effect on this option. This option may be
given more than once in order to specify a number of files
to read.
--exclude-dir=pattern
Directories whose names match the pattern are skipped
without being processed, whatever the setting of the
--recursive option. This applies to all directories,
whether listed on the command line, obtained from --file-
list, or by scanning a parent directory. The pattern is a
PCRE2 regular expression, and is matched against the final
component of the directory name, not the entire path. The
-F, -w, and -x options do not apply to this pattern. The
option may be given any number of times in order to
specify more than one pattern. If a directory matches both
--include-dir and --exclude-dir, it is excluded. There is
no short form for this option.
-F, --fixed-strings
Interpret each data-matching pattern as a list of fixed
strings, separated by newlines, instead of as a regular
expression. What constitutes a newline for this purpose is
controlled by the --newline option. The -w (match as a
word) and -x (match whole line) options can be used with
-F. They apply to each of the fixed strings. A line is
selected if any of the fixed strings are found in it
(subject to -w or -x, if present). This option applies
only to the patterns that are matched against the contents
of files; it does not apply to patterns specified by any
of the --include or --exclude options.
-f filename, --file=filename
Read patterns from the file, one per line. As is the case
with patterns on the command line, no delimiters should be
used. What constitutes a newline when reading the file is
the operating system's default interpretation of \n. The
--newline option has no effect on this option. Trailing
white space is removed from each line, and blank lines are
ignored. An empty file contains no patterns and therefore
matches nothing. Patterns read from a file in this way may
contain binary zeros, which are treated as ordinary data
characters.
If this option is given more than once, all the specified
files are read. A data line is output if any of the
patterns match it. A file name can be given as "-" to
refer to the standard input. When -f is used, patterns
specified on the command line using -e may also be
present; they are matched before the file's patterns.
However, no pattern is taken from the command line; all
arguments are treated as the names of paths to be
searched.
--file-list=filename
Read a list of files and/or directories that are to be
scanned from the given file, one per line. What
constitutes a newline when reading the file is the
operating system's default. Trailing white space is
removed from each line, and blank lines are ignored. These
paths are processed before any that are listed on the
command line. The file name can be given as "-" to refer
to the standard input. If --file and --file-list are both
specified as "-", patterns are read first. This is useful
only when the standard input is a terminal, from which
further lines (the list of files) can be read after an
end-of-file indication. If this option is given more than
once, all the specified files are read.
--file-offsets
Instead of showing lines or parts of lines that match,
show each match as an offset from the start of the file
and a length, separated by a comma. In this mode, --colour
has no effect, and no context is shown. That is, the -A,
-B, and -C options are ignored. If there is more than one
match in a line, each of them is shown separately. This
option is mutually exclusive with --output, --line-
offsets, and --only-matching.
--group-separator=text
Output this text string instead of two hyphens between
groups of lines when -A, -B, or -C is in use. See also
--no-group-separator.
-H, --with-filename
Force the inclusion of the file name at the start of
output lines when searching a single file. The file name
is not normally shown in this case. By default, for
matching lines, the file name is followed by a colon; for
context lines, a hyphen separator is used. The -Z option
can be used to change the terminator to a zero byte. If a
line number is also being output, it follows the file
name. When the -M option causes a pattern to match more
than one line, only the first is preceded by the file
name. This option overrides any previous -h, -l, or -L
options.
-h, --no-filename
Suppress the output file names when searching multiple
files. File names are normally shown when multiple files
are searched. By default, for matching lines, the file
name is followed by a colon; for context lines, a hyphen
separator is used. The -Z option can be used to change the
terminator to a zero byte. If a line number is also being
output, it follows the file name. This option overrides
any previous -H, -L, or -l options.
--heap-limit=number
See --match-limit below.
--help Output a help message, giving brief details of the command
options and file type support, and then exit. Anything
else on the command line is ignored.
-I Ignore binary files. This is equivalent to --binary-
files=without-match.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore upper/lower case distinctions when pattern
matching. This applies when matching path names for
inclusion or exclusion as well as when matching lines in
files.
--include=pattern
If any --include patterns are specified, the only files
that are processed are those whose names match one of the
patterns and do not match an --exclude pattern. This
option does not affect directories, but it applies to all
files, whether listed on the command line, obtained from
--file-list, or by scanning a directory. The pattern is a
PCRE2 regular expression, and is matched against the final
component of the file name, not the entire path. The -F,
-w, and -x options do not apply to this pattern. The
option may be given any number of times. If a file name
matches both an --include and an --exclude pattern, it is
excluded. There is no short form for this option.
--include-from=filename
Treat each non-empty line of the file as the data for an
--include option. What constitutes a newline for this
purpose is the operating system's default. The --newline
option has no effect on this option. This option may be
given any number of times; all the files are read.
--include-dir=pattern
If any --include-dir patterns are specified, the only
directories that are processed are those whose names match
one of the patterns and do not match an --exclude-dir
pattern. This applies to all directories, whether listed
on the command line, obtained from --file-list, or by
scanning a parent directory. The pattern is a PCRE2
regular expression, and is matched against the final
component of the directory name, not the entire path. The
-F, -w, and -x options do not apply to this pattern. The
option may be given any number of times. If a directory
matches both --include-dir and --exclude-dir, it is
excluded. There is no short form for this option.
-L, --files-without-match
Instead of outputting lines from the files, just output
the names of the files that do not contain any lines that
would have been output. Each file name is output once, on
a separate line by default, but if the -Z option is set,
they are separated by zero bytes instead of newlines. This
option overrides any previous -H, -h, or -l options.
-l, --files-with-matches
Instead of outputting lines from the files, just output
the names of the files containing lines that would have
been output. Each file name is output once, on a separate
line, but if the -Z option is set, they are separated by
zero bytes instead of newlines. Searching normally stops
as soon as a matching line is found in a file. However, if
the -c (count) option is also used, matching continues in
order to obtain the correct count, and those files that
have at least one match are listed along with their
counts. Using this option with -c is a way of suppressing
the listing of files with no matches that occurs with -c
on its own. This option overrides any previous -H, -h, or
-L options.
--label=name
This option supplies a name to be used for the standard
input when file names are being output. If not supplied,
"(standard input)" is used. There is no short form for
this option.
--line-buffered
When this option is given, non-compressed input is read
and processed line by line, and the output is flushed
after each write. By default, input is read in large
chunks, unless pcre2grep can determine that it is reading
from a terminal, which is currently possible only in Unix-
like environments or Windows. Output to terminal is
normally automatically flushed by the operating system.
This option can be useful when the input or output is
attached to a pipe and you do not want pcre2grep to buffer
up large amounts of data. However, its use will affect
performance, and the -M (multiline) option ceases to work.
When input is from a compressed .gz or .bz2 file, --line-
buffered is ignored.
--line-offsets
Instead of showing lines or parts of lines that match,
show each match as a line number, the offset from the
start of the line, and a length. The line number is
terminated by a colon (as usual; see the -n option), and
the offset and length are separated by a comma. In this
mode, --colour has no effect, and no context is shown.
That is, the -A, -B, and -C options are ignored. If there
is more than one match in a line, each of them is shown
separately. This option is mutually exclusive with
--output, --file-offsets, and --only-matching.
--locale=locale-name
This option specifies a locale to be used for pattern
matching. It overrides the value in the LC_ALL or LC_CTYPE
environment variables. If no locale is specified, the
PCRE2 library's default (usually the "C" locale) is used.
There is no short form for this option.
-M, --multiline
Allow patterns to match more than one line. When this
option is set, the PCRE2 library is called in "multiline"
mode, and a match is allowed to continue past the end of
the initial line and onto one or more subsequent lines.
Patterns used with -M may usefully contain literal newline
characters and internal occurrences of ^ and $ characters,
because in multiline mode these can match at internal
newlines. Because pcre2grep is scanning multiple lines,
the \Z and \z assertions match only at the end of the last
line in the file. The \A assertion matches at the start
of the first line of a match. This can be any line in the
file; it is not anchored to the first line.
The output for a successful match may consist of more than
one line. The first line is the line in which the match
started, and the last line is the line in which the match
ended. If the matched string ends with a newline sequence,
the output ends at the end of that line. If -v is set,
none of the lines in a multi-line match are output. Once a
match has been handled, scanning restarts at the beginning
of the line after the one in which the match ended.
The newline sequence that separates multiple lines must be
matched as part of the pattern. For example, to find the
phrase "regular expression" in a file where "regular"
might be at the end of a line and "expression" at the
start of the next line, you could use this command:
pcre2grep -M 'regular\s+expression' <file>
The \s escape sequence matches any white space character,
including newlines, and is followed by + so as to match
trailing white space on the first line as well as possibly
handling a two-character newline sequence.
There is a limit to the number of lines that can be
matched, imposed by the way that pcre2grep buffers the
input file as it scans it. With a sufficiently large
processing buffer, this should not be a problem.
The -M option does not work when input is read line by
line (see --line-buffered.)
-m number, --max-count=number
Stop processing after finding number matching lines, or
non-matching lines if -v is also set. Any trailing context
lines are output after the final match. In multiline mode,
each multiline match counts as just one line for this
purpose. If this limit is reached when reading the
standard input from a regular file, the file is left
positioned just after the last matching line. If -c is
also set, the count that is output is never greater than
number. This option has no effect if used with -L, -l, or
-q, or when just checking for a match in a binary file.
--match-limit=number
Processing some regular expression patterns may take a
very long time to search for all possible matching
strings. Others may require a very large amount of memory.
There are three options that set resource limits for
matching.
The --match-limit option provides a means of limiting
computing resource usage when processing patterns that are
not going to match, but which have a very large number of
possibilities in their search trees. The classic example
is a pattern that uses nested unlimited repeats.
Internally, PCRE2 has a counter that is incremented each
time around its main processing loop. If the value set by
--match-limit is reached, an error occurs.
The --heap-limit option specifies, as a number of
kibibytes (units of 1024 bytes), the maximum amount of
heap memory that may be used for matching.
The --depth-limit option limits the depth of nested
backtracking points, which indirectly limits the amount of
memory that is used. The amount of memory needed for each
backtracking point depends on the number of capturing
parentheses in the pattern, so the amount of memory that
is used before this limit acts varies from pattern to
pattern. This limit is of use only if it is set smaller
than --match-limit.
There are no short forms for these options. The default
limits can be set when the PCRE2 library is compiled; if
they are not specified, the defaults are very large and so
effectively unlimited.
--max-buffer-size=number
This limits the expansion of the processing buffer, whose
initial size can be set by --buffer-size. The maximum
buffer size is silently forced to be no smaller than the
starting buffer size.
-N newline-type, --newline=newline-type
Six different conventions for indicating the ends of lines
in scanned files are supported. For example:
pcre2grep -N CRLF 'some pattern' <file>
The newline type may be specified in upper, lower, or
mixed case. If the newline type is NUL, lines are
separated by binary zero characters. The other types are
the single-character sequences CR (carriage return) and LF
(linefeed), the two-character sequence CRLF, an "anycrlf"
type, which recognizes any of the preceding three types,
and an "any" type, for which any Unicode line ending
sequence is assumed to end a line. The Unicode sequences
are the three just mentioned, plus VT (vertical tab,
U+000B), FF (form feed, U+000C), NEL (next line, U+0085),
LS (line separator, U+2028), and PS (paragraph separator,
U+2029).
When the PCRE2 library is built, a default line-ending
sequence is specified. This is normally the standard
sequence for the operating system. Unless otherwise
specified by this option, pcre2grep uses the library's
default.
This option makes it possible to use pcre2grep to scan
files that have come from other environments without
having to modify their line endings. If the data that is
being scanned does not agree with the convention set by
this option, pcre2grep may behave in strange ways. Note
that this option does not apply to files specified by the
-f, --exclude-from, or --include-from options, which are
expected to use the operating system's standard newline
sequence.
-n, --line-number
Precede each output line by its line number in the file,
followed by a colon for matching lines or a hyphen for
context lines. If the file name is also being output, it
precedes the line number. When the -M option causes a
pattern to match more than one line, only the first is
preceded by its line number. This option is forced if
--line-offsets is used.
--no-group-separator
Do not output a separator between groups of lines when -A,
-B, or -C is in use. The default is to output a line
containing two hyphens. See also --group-separator.
--no-jit
If the PCRE2 library is built with support for just-in-
time compiling (which speeds up matching), pcre2grep
automatically makes use of this, unless it was explicitly
disabled at build time. This option can be used to disable
the use of JIT at run time. It is provided for testing and
working around problems. It should never be needed in
normal use.
-O text, --output=text
When there is a match, instead of outputting the line that
matched, output just the text specified in this option,
followed by an operating-system standard newline. In this
mode, --colour has no effect, and no context is shown.
That is, the -A, -B, and -C options are ignored. The
--newline option has no effect on this option, which is
mutually exclusive with --only-matching, --file-offsets,
and --line-offsets. However, like --only-matching, if
there is more than one match in a line, each of them
causes a line of output.
Escape sequences starting with a dollar character may be
used to insert the contents of the matched part of the
line and/or captured substrings into the text.
$<digits> or ${<digits>} is replaced by the captured
substring of the given decimal number; zero substitutes
the whole match. If the number is greater than the number
of capturing substrings, or if the capture is unset, the
replacement is empty.
$a is replaced by bell; $b by backspace; $e by escape; $f
by form feed; $n by newline; $r by carriage return; $t by
tab; $v by vertical tab.
$o<digits> or $o{<digits>} is replaced by the character
whose code point is the given octal number. In the first
form, up to three octal digits are processed. When more
digits are needed in Unicode mode to specify a wide
character, the second form must be used.
$x<digits> or $x{<digits>} is replaced by the character
represented by the given hexadecimal number. In the first
form, up to two hexadecimal digits are processed. When
more digits are needed in Unicode mode to specify a wide
character, the second form must be used.
Any other character is substituted by itself. In
particular, $$ is replaced by a single dollar.
-o, --only-matching
Show only the part of the line that matched a pattern
instead of the whole line. In this mode, no context is
shown. That is, the -A, -B, and -C options are ignored. If
there is more than one match in a line, each of them is
shown separately, on a separate line of output. If -o is
combined with -v (invert the sense of the match to find
non-matching lines), no output is generated, but the
return code is set appropriately. If the matched portion
of the line is empty, nothing is output unless the file
name or line number are being printed, in which case they
are shown on an otherwise empty line. This option is
mutually exclusive with --output, --file-offsets and
--line-offsets.
-onumber, --only-matching=number
Show only the part of the line that matched the capturing
parentheses of the given number. Up to 50 capturing
parentheses are supported by default. This limit can be
changed via the --om-capture option. A pattern may contain
any number of capturing parentheses, but only those whose
number is within the limit can be accessed by -o. An error
occurs if the number specified by -o is greater than the
limit.
-o0 is the same as -o without a number. Because these
options can be given without an argument (see above), if
an argument is present, it must be given in the same shell
item, for example, -o3 or --only-matching=2. The comments
given for the non-argument case above also apply to this
option. If the specified capturing parentheses do not
exist in the pattern, or were not set in the match,
nothing is output unless the file name or line number are
being output.
If this option is given multiple times, multiple
substrings are output for each match, in the order the
options are given, and all on one line. For example, -o3
-o1 -o3 causes the substrings matched by capturing
parentheses 3 and 1 and then 3 again to be output. By
default, there is no separator (but see the next but one
option).
--om-capture=number
Set the number of capturing parentheses that can be
accessed by -o. The default is 50.
--om-separator=text
Specify a separating string for multiple occurrences of
-o. The default is an empty string. Separating strings are
never coloured.
-P, --no-ucp
Starting from release 10.43, when UTF/Unicode mode is
specified with -u or -U, the PCRE2_UCP option is used by
default. This means that the POSIX classes in patterns
match more than just ASCII characters. For example,
[:digit:] matches any Unicode decimal digit. The --no-ucp
option suppresses PCRE2_UCP, thus restricting the POSIX
classes to ASCII characters, as was the case in earlier
releases. Note that there are now more fine-grained option
settings within patterns that affect individual classes.
For example, when in UCP mode, the sequence (?aP)
restricts [:word:] to ASCII letters, while allowing \w to
match Unicode letters and digits.
-q, --quiet
Work quietly, that is, display nothing except error
messages. The exit status indicates whether or not any
matches were found.
-r, --recursive
If any given path is a directory, recursively scan the
files it contains, taking note of any --include and
--exclude settings. By default, a directory is read as a
normal file; in some operating systems this gives an
immediate end-of-file. This option is a shorthand for
setting the -d option to "recurse".
--recursion-limit=number
This is an obsolete synonym for --depth-limit. See
--match-limit above for details.
-s, --no-messages
Suppress error messages about non-existent or unreadable
files. Such files are quietly skipped. However, the return
code is still 2, even if matches were found in other
files.
-t, --total-count
This option is useful when scanning more than one file. If
used on its own, -t suppresses all output except for a
grand total number of matching lines (or non-matching
lines if -v is used) in all the files. If -t is used with
-c, a grand total is output except when the previous
output is just one line. In other words, it is not output
when just one file's count is listed. If file names are
being output, the grand total is preceded by "TOTAL:".
Otherwise, it appears as just another number. The -t
option is ignored when used with -L (list files without
matches), because the grand total would always be zero.
-u, --utf
Operate in UTF/Unicode mode. This option is available only
if PCRE2 has been compiled with UTF-8 support. All
patterns (including those for any --exclude and --include
options) and all lines that are scanned must be valid
strings of UTF-8 characters. If an invalid UTF-8 string is
encountered, an error occurs.
-U, --utf-allow-invalid
As --utf, but in addition subject lines may contain
invalid UTF-8 code unit sequences. These can never form
part of any pattern match. Patterns themselves, however,
must still be valid UTF-8 strings. This facility allows
valid UTF-8 strings to be sought within arbitrary byte
sequences in executable or other binary files. For more
details about matching in non-valid UTF-8 strings, see the
pcre2unicode(3) documentation.
-V, --version
Write the version numbers of pcre2grep and the PCRE2
library to the standard output and then exit. Anything
else on the command line is ignored.
-v, --invert-match
Invert the sense of the match, so that lines which do not
match any of the patterns are the ones that are found.
When this option is set, options such as --only-matching
and --output, which specify parts of a match that are to
be output, are ignored.
-w, --word-regex, --word-regexp
Force the patterns only to match "words". That is, there
must be a word boundary at the start and end of each
matched string. This is equivalent to having "\b(?:" at
the start of each pattern, and ")\b" at the end. This
option applies only to the patterns that are matched
against the contents of files; it does not apply to
patterns specified by any of the --include or --exclude
options.
-x, --line-regex, --line-regexp
Force the patterns to start matching only at the
beginnings of lines, and in addition, require them to
match entire lines. In multiline mode the match may be
more than one line. This is equivalent to having "^(?:" at
the start of each pattern and ")$" at the end. This option
applies only to the patterns that are matched against the
contents of files; it does not apply to patterns specified
by any of the --include or --exclude options.
-Z, --null
Terminate files names in the regular output with a zero
byte (the NUL character) instead of what would normally
appear. This is useful when file names contain unusual
characters such as colons, hyphens, or even newlines. The
option does not apply to file names in error messages.
The environment variables LC_ALL and LC_CTYPE are examined, in
that order, for a locale. The first one that is set is used. This
can be overridden by the --locale option. If no locale is set,
the PCRE2 library's default (usually the "C" locale) is used.
The -N (--newline) option allows pcre2grep to scan files with
newline conventions that differ from the default. This option
affects only the way scanned files are processed. It does not
affect the interpretation of files specified by the -f, --file-
list, --exclude-from, or --include-from options.
Any parts of the scanned input files that are written to the
standard output are copied with whatever newline sequences they
have in the input. However, if the final line of a file is
output, and it does not end with a newline sequence, a newline
sequence is added. If the newline setting is CR, LF, CRLF or NUL,
that line ending is output; for the other settings (ANYCRLF or
ANY) a single NL is used.
The newline setting does not affect the way in which pcre2grep
writes newlines in informational messages to the standard output
and error streams. Under Windows, the standard output is set to
be binary, so that "\r\n" at the ends of output lines that are
copied from the input is not converted to "\r\r\n" by the C I/O
library. This means that any messages written to the standard
output must end with "\r\n". For all other operating systems, and
for all messages to the standard error stream, "\n" is used.
Many of the short and long forms of pcre2grep's options are the
same as in the GNU grep program. Any long option of the form
--xxx-regexp (GNU terminology) is also available as --xxx-regex
(PCRE2 terminology). However, the --case-restrict, --depth-
limit, -E, --file-list, --file-offsets, --heap-limit, --include-
dir, --line-offsets, --locale, --match-limit, -M, --multiline,
-N, --newline, --no-ucp, --om-separator, --output, -P, -u, --utf,
-U, and --utf-allow-invalid options are specific to pcre2grep, as
is the use of the --only-matching option with a capturing
parentheses number.
Although most of the common options work the same way, a few are
different in pcre2grep. For example, the --include option's
argument is a glob for GNU grep, but in pcre2grep it is a regular
expression to which the -i option applies. If both the -c and -l
options are given, GNU grep lists only file names, without
counts, but pcre2grep gives the counts as well.
There are four different ways in which an option with data can be
specified. If a short form option is used, the data may follow
immediately, or (with one exception) in the next command line
item. For example:
-f/some/file
-f /some/file
The exception is the -o option, which may appear with or without
data. Because of this, if data is present, it must follow
immediately in the same item, for example -o3.
If a long form option is used, the data may appear in the same
command line item, separated by an equals character, or (with two
exceptions) it may appear in the next command line item. For
example:
--file=/some/file
--file /some/file
Note, however, that if you want to supply a file name beginning
with ~ as data in a shell command, and have the shell expand ~ to
a home directory, you must separate the file name from the
option, because the shell does not treat ~ specially unless it is
at the start of an item.
The exceptions to the above are the --colour (or --color) and
--only-matching options, for which the data is optional. If one
of these options does have data, it must be given in the first
form, using an equals character. Otherwise pcre2grep will assume
that it has no data.
pcre2grep has, by default, support for calling external programs
or scripts or echoing specific strings during matching by making
use of PCRE2's callout facility. However, this support can be
completely or partially disabled when pcre2grep is built. You can
find out whether your binary has support for callouts by running
it with the --help option. If callout support is completely
disabled, all callouts in patterns are ignored by pcre2grep. If
the facility is partially disabled, calling external programs is
not supported, and callouts that request it are ignored.
A callout in a PCRE2 pattern is of the form (?C<arg>) where the
argument is either a number or a quoted string (see the
pcre2callout documentation for details). Numbered callouts are
ignored by pcre2grep; only callouts with string arguments are
useful.
Echoing a specific string
Starting the callout string with a pipe character invokes an
echoing facility that avoids calling an external program or
script. This facility is always available, provided that callouts
were not completely disabled when pcre2grep was built. The rest
of the callout string is processed as a zero-terminated string,
which means it should not contain any internal binary zeros. It
is written to the output, having first been passed through the
same escape processing as text from the --output (-O) option (see
above). However, $0 cannot be used to insert a matched substring
because the match is still in progress. Instead, the single
character '0' is inserted. Any syntax errors in the string (for
example, a dollar not followed by another character) causes the
callout to be ignored. No terminator is added to the output
string, so if you want a newline, you must include it explicitly
using the escape $n. For example:
pcre2grep '(.)(..(.))(?C"|[$1] [$2] [$3]$n")' <some file>
Matching continues normally after the string is output. If you
want to see only the callout output but not any output from an
actual match, you should end the pattern with (*FAIL).
Calling external programs or scripts
This facility can be independently disabled when pcre2grep is
built. It is supported for Windows, where a call to _spawnvp() is
used, for VMS, where lib$spawn() is used, and for any Unix-like
environment where fork() and execv() are available.
If the callout string does not start with a pipe (vertical bar)
character, it is parsed into a list of substrings separated by
pipe characters. The first substring must be an executable name,
with the following substrings specifying arguments:
executable_name|arg1|arg2|...
Any substring (including the executable name) may contain escape
sequences started by a dollar character. These are the same as
for the --output (-O) option documented above, except that $0
cannot insert the matched string because the match is still in
progress. Instead, the character '0' is inserted. If you need a
literal dollar or pipe character in any substring, use $$ or $|
respectively. Here is an example:
echo -e "abcde\n12345" | pcre2grep \
'(?x)(.)(..(.))
(?C"/bin/echo|Arg1: [$1] [$2] [$3]|Arg2: $|${1}$| ($4)")()' -
Output:
Arg1: [a] [bcd] [d] Arg2: |a| ()
abcde
Arg1: [1] [234] [4] Arg2: |1| ()
12345
The parameters for the system call that is used to run the
program or script are zero-terminated strings. This means that
binary zero characters in the callout argument will cause
premature termination of their substrings, and therefore should
not be present. Any syntax errors in the string (for example, a
dollar not followed by another character) causes the callout to
be ignored. If running the program fails for any reason
(including the non-existence of the executable), a local matching
failure occurs and the matcher backtracks in the normal way.
It is possible to supply a regular expression that takes a very
long time to fail to match certain lines. Such patterns normally
involve nested indefinite repeats, for example: (a+)*\d when
matched against a line of a's with no final digit. The PCRE2
matching function has a resource limit that causes it to abort in
these circumstances. If this happens, pcre2grep outputs an error
message and the line that caused the problem to the standard
error stream. If there are more than 20 such errors, pcre2grep
gives up.
The --match-limit option of pcre2grep can be used to set the
overall resource limit. There are also other limits that affect
the amount of memory used during matching; see the discussion of
--heap-limit and --depth-limit above.
Exit status is 0 if any matches were found, 1 if no matches were
found, and 2 for syntax errors, overlong lines, non-existent or
inaccessible files (even if matches were found in other files) or
too many matching errors. Using the -s option to suppress error
messages about inaccessible files does not affect the return
code.
When run under VMS, the return code is placed in the symbol
PCRE2GREP_RC because VMS does not distinguish between exit(0) and
exit(1).
pcre2pattern(3), pcre2syntax(3), pcre2callout(3),
pcre2unicode(3).
Philip Hazel
Retired from University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
Last updated: 22 December 2023
Copyright (c) 1997-2023 University of Cambridge.
This page is part of the PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular
Expressions) project. Information about the project can be found
at ⟨http://www.pcre.org/⟩. If you have a bug report for this
manual page, see
⟨http://bugs.exim.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=PCRE⟩. This page was
obtained from the tarball fetched from
⟨https://github.com/PhilipHazel/pcre2.git⟩ on 2024-06-14. If you
discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for
the page, or you have corrections or improvements to the
information in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original
manual page), send a mail to [email protected]
PCRE2 10.43 22 December 2023 PCRE2GREP(1)
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