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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | OVERVIEW | DEFAULTS | OPTIONS | EXIT STATUS | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | STANDARDS | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS | COLOPHON |
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MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
man - an interface to the system reference manuals
man [man options] [[section] page ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [man options] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [man options] file ...
man -w|-W [man options] page ...
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to
man is normally the name of a program, utility or function. The
manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found
and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look
only in that section of the manual. The default action is to
search in all of the available sections following a pre-defined
order (see DEFAULTS), and to show only the first page found, even
if page exists in several sections.
The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed
by the types of pages they contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 File formats and conventions, e.g. /etc/passwd
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions),
e.g. man(7), groff(7), man-pages(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION,
DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS,
ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, STANDARDS, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE,
AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can
be used as a guide in other sections.
bold text type exactly as shown.
italic text replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used
together.
argument ... argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For
instance, man will usually not be able to render italics when
running in a terminal, and will typically use underlined or
coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should
match all possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to
illustrate several exclusive invocations as is shown in the
SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.
man ls
Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
man man.7
Display the manual page for macro package man from section 7.
(This is an alternative spelling of "man 7 man".)
man 'man(7)'
Display the manual page for macro package man from section 7.
(This is another alternative spelling of "man 7 man". It may
be more convenient when copying and pasting cross-references
to manual pages. Note that the parentheses must normally be
quoted to protect them from the shell.)
man -a intro
Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual
pages contained within the manual. It is possible to quit
between successive displays or skip any of them.
man -t bash | lpr -Pps
Format the manual page for bash into the default troff or
groff format and pipe it to the printer named ps. The
default output for groff is usually PostScript. man --help
should advise as to which processor is bound to the -t
option.
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
This command will decompress and format the nroff source
manual page ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file.
The redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes output to
be directed to stdout with no pager. The output could be
viewed with a program such as xdvi or further processed into
PostScript using a program such as dvips.
man -k printf
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the
keyword printf as regular expression. Print out any matches.
Equivalent to apropos printf.
man -f smail
Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the
short descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis smail.
Many options are available to man in order to give as much
flexibility as possible to the user. Changes can be made to the
search path, section order, output processor, and other
behaviours and operations detailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to
determine the operation of man. It is possible to set the
"catch-all" variable $MANOPT to any string in command line
format, with the exception that any spaces used as part of an
option's argument must be escaped (preceded by a backslash). man
will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line. Those
options requiring an argument will be overridden by the same
options found on the command line. To reset all of the options
set in $MANOPT, -D can be specified as the initial command line
option. This will allow man to "forget" about the options
specified in $MANOPT, although they must still have been valid.
Manual pages are normally stored in nroff(1) format under a
directory such as /usr/share/man. In some installations, there
may also be preformatted cat pages to improve performance. See
manpath(5) for details of where these files are stored.
This package supports manual pages in multiple languages,
controlled by your locale. If your system did not set this up
for you automatically, then you may need to set $LC_MESSAGES,
$LANG, or another system-dependent environment variable to
indicate your preferred locale, usually specified in the POSIX
format:
<language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be
displayed in lieu of the standard (usually American English)
page.
If you find that the translations supplied with this package are
not available in your native language and you would like to
supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be
coordinating such activity.
Individual manual pages are normally written and maintained by
the maintainers of the program, function, or other topic that
they document, and are not included with this package. If you
find that a manual page is missing or inadequate, please report
that to the maintainers of the package in question.
For information regarding other features and extensions available
with this manual pager, please read the documents supplied with
the package.
The order of sections to search may be overridden by the
environment variable $MANSECT or by the SECTION directive in
/usr/local/etc/man_db.conf. By default it is as follows:
1 n l 8 3 0 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7
The formatted manual page is displayed using a pager. This can
be specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a
default (see option -P for details).
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the
command line option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is
interrogated. If -p was not used and the environment variable
was not set, the initial line of the nroff file is parsed for a
preprocessor string. To contain a valid preprocessor string, the
first line must resemble
'\" <string>
where string can be any combination of letters described by
option -p below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a
default set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary
formatter (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed.
Alternatively, if an executable program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt
with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is executed instead. It
gets passed the manual source file, the preprocessor string, and
optionally the device specified with -T or -E as arguments.
Non-argument options that are duplicated either on the command
line, in $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that
require an argument, each duplication will override the previous
argument value.
General options
-C file, --config-file=file
Use this user configuration file rather than the default
of ~/.manpath.
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-D, --default
This option is normally issued as the very first option
and resets man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to
reset those options that may have been set in $MANOPT.
Any options that follow -D will have their usual effect.
--warnings[=warnings]
Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform
sanity checks on the source text of manual pages.
warnings is a comma-separated list of warning names; if it
is not supplied, the default is "mac". To disable a groff
warning, prefix it with "!": for example,
--warnings=mac,!break enables warnings in the "mac"
category and disables warnings in the "break" category.
See the “Warnings” node in info groff for a list of
available warning names.
Main modes of operation
-f, --whatis
Approximately equivalent to whatis. Display a short
description from the manual page, if available. See
whatis(1) for details.
-k, --apropos
Approximately equivalent to apropos. Search the short
manual page descriptions for keywords and display any
matches. See apropos(1) for details.
-K, --global-apropos
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-
force search, and is likely to take some time; if you can,
you should specify a section to reduce the number of pages
that need to be searched. Search terms may be simple
strings (the default), or regular expressions if the
--regex option is used.
Note that this searches the sources of the manual pages,
not the rendered text, and so may include false positives
due to things like comments in source files, or false
negatives due to things like hyphens being written as "\-"
in source files. Searching the rendered text would be
much slower.
-l, --local-file
Activate "local" mode. Format and display local manual
files instead of searching through the system's manual
collection. Each manual page argument will be interpreted
as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat
file is produced. If '-' is listed as one of the
arguments, input will be taken from stdin.
If this option is not used, then man will also fall back
to interpreting manual page arguments as local file names
if the argument contains a "/" character, since that is a
good indication that the argument refers to a path on the
file system.
-w, --where, --path, --location
Don't actually display the manual page, but do print the
location of the source nroff file that would be formatted.
If the -a option is also used, then print the locations of
all source files that match the search criteria.
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
Don't actually display the manual page, but do print the
location of the preformatted cat file that would be
displayed. If the -a option is also used, then print the
locations of all preformatted cat files that match the
search criteria.
If -w and -W are both used, then print both source file
and cat file separated by a space. If all of -w, -W, and
-a are used, then do this for each possible match.
-c, --catman
This option is not for general use and should only be used
by the catman program.
-R encoding, --recode=encoding
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way,
output its source converted to the specified encoding. If
you already know the encoding of the source file, you can
also use manconv(1) directly. However, this option allows
you to convert several manual pages to a single encoding
without having to explicitly state the encoding of each,
provided that they were already installed in a structure
similar to a manual page hierarchy.
Consider using man-recode(1) instead for converting
multiple manual pages, since it has an interface designed
for bulk conversion and so can be much faster.
Finding manual pages
-L locale, --locale=locale
man will normally determine your current locale by a call
to the C function setlocale(3) which interrogates various
environment variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and
$LANG. To temporarily override the determined value, use
this option to supply a locale string directly to man.
Note that it will not take effect until the search for
pages actually begins. Output such as the help message
will always be displayed in the initially determined
locale.
-m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
If this system has access to other operating systems'
manual pages, they can be accessed using this option. To
search for a manual page from NewOS's manual page
collection, use the option -m NewOS.
The system specified can be a combination of comma
delimited operating system names. To include a search of
the native operating system's manual pages, include the
system name man in the argument string. This option will
override the $SYSTEM environment variable.
-M path, --manpath=path
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses
manpath derived code to determine the path to search.
This option overrides the $MANPATH environment variable
and causes option -m to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual
page hierarchy structured into sections as described in
the man-db manual (under "The manual page system"). To
view manual pages outside such hierarchies, see the -l
option.
-S list, -s list, --sections=list
The given list is a colon- or comma-separated list of
sections, used to determine which manual sections to
search and in what order. This option overrides the
$MANSECT environment variable. (The -s spelling is for
compatibility with System V.)
-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages,
such as those that accompany the Tcl package, into the
main manual page hierarchy. To get around the problem of
having two manual pages with the same name such as
exit(3), the Tcl pages were usually all assigned to
section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible to
put the pages in the correct section, and to assign a
specific "extension" to them, in this case, exit(3tcl).
Under normal operation, man will display exit(3) in
preference to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and
to avoid having to know which section the page you require
resides in, it is now possible to give man a sub-extension
string indicating which package the page must belong to.
Using the above example, supplying the option -e tcl to
man will restrict the search to pages having an extension
of *tcl.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the
default.
-I, --match-case
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
--regex
Show all pages with any part of either their names or
their descriptions matching each page argument as a
regular expression, as with apropos(1). Since there is
usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when
searching for a regular expression, this option implies
-a.
--wildcard
Show all pages with any part of either their names or
their descriptions matching each page argument using
shell-style wildcards, as with apropos(1) --wildcard. The
page argument must match the entire name or description,
or match on word boundaries in the description. Since
there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page
when searching for a wildcard, this option implies -a.
--names-only
If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only
page names, not page descriptions, as with whatis(1).
Otherwise, no effect.
-a, --all
By default, man will exit after displaying the most
suitable manual page it finds. Using this option forces
man to display all the manual pages with names that match
the search criteria.
-u, --update
This option causes man to update its database caches of
installed manual pages. This is only needed in rare
situations, and it is normally better to run mandb(8)
instead.
--no-subpages
By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page
names given on the command line as equivalent to a single
manual page name containing a hyphen or an underscore.
This supports the common pattern of programs that
implement a number of subcommands, allowing them to
provide manual pages for each that can be accessed using
similar syntax as would be used to invoke the subcommands
themselves. For example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
Controlling formatted output
-P pager, --pager=pager
Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses
less, falling back to cat if less is not found or is not
executable. This option overrides the $MANPAGER
environment variable, which in turn overrides the $PAGER
environment variable. It is not used in conjunction with
-f or -k.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with
arguments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single
quotes, or double quotes). It may not use pipes to
connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper
script, which may take the file to display either as an
argument or on standard input.
-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will
attempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The
default prompt looks like
Manual page name(sec) line x
where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the
section it was found under and x the current line number.
This is achieved by using the $LESS environment variable.
Supplying -r with a string will override this default.
The string may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be
expanded to the name of the current manual page and its
section name surrounded by "(" and ")". The string used
to produce the default could be expressed as
\ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
(press h for help or q to quit)
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of
readability only. For its meaning see the less(1) manual
page. The prompt string is first evaluated by the shell.
All double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in the
prompt must be escaped by a preceding backslash. The
prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be
followed by further options for less. By default man sets
the -ix8 options.
The $MANLESS environment variable described below may be
used to set a default prompt string if none is supplied on
the command line.
-7, --ascii
When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit
terminal or terminal emulator, some characters may not
display correctly when using the latin1(7) device
description with GNU nroff. This option allows pure ascii
manual pages to be displayed in ascii with the latin1
device. It will not translate any latin1 text. The
following table shows the translations performed: some
parts of it may only be displayed properly when using GNU
nroff's latin1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
────────────────────────────────────────
continuation 255 ‐ -
hyphen
bullet (middle 267 • o
dot)
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication 327 × x
sign
If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may
be set up for latin1 characters and this option is not
necessary. If the latin1 and ascii columns are identical,
you are reading this page using this option or man did not
format this page using the latin1 device description. If
the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you may need to
view manual pages with this option.
This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or
-Z and may be useless for nroff other than GNU's.
-E encoding, --encoding=encoding
Generate output for a character encoding other than the
default. For backward compatibility, encoding may be an
nroff device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as a
true character encoding such as UTF-8.
--no-hyphenation, --nh
Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line
breaks even in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is
necessary to do so to lay out words on a line without
excessive spacing. This option disables automatic
hyphenation, so words will only be hyphenated if they
already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to
prevent nroff from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate
point, do not use this option, but consult the nroff
documentation instead; for instance, you can put "\%"
inside a word to indicate that it may be hyphenated at
that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to prevent
it from being hyphenated.
--no-justification, --nj
Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both
margins. This option disables full justification, leaving
justified only to the left margin, sometimes called
"ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to
prevent nroff from justifying certain paragraphs, do not
use this option, but consult the nroff documentation
instead; for instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf",
".fi", and ".ad" requests to temporarily disable adjusting
and filling.
-p string, --preprocessor=string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff
or troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full
set of preprocessors. Some of the preprocessors and the
letters used to designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic
(p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r). This option
overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable. zsoelim
is always run as the very first preprocessor.
-t, --troff
Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout.
This option is not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or
-Z.
-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's)
output to be suitable for a device other than the default.
It implies -t. Examples (as of groff 1.23.0) include dvi,
latin1, pdf, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.
-H[browser], --html[=browser]
This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and
will display that output in a web browser. The choice of
browser is determined by the optional browser argument if
one is provided, by the $BROWSER environment variable, or
by a compile-time default if that is unset (usually lynx).
This option implies -t, and will only work with GNU troff.
-X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
This option displays the output of groff in a graphical
window using the gxditview program. The dpi (dots per
inch) may be 75, 75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75;
the -12 variants use a 12-point base font. This option
implies -T with the X75, X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device
respectively.
-Z, --ditroff
groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-
processor to produce output suitable for the chosen
device. If groff -mandoc is groff, this option is passed
to groff and will suppress the use of a post-processor.
It implies -t.
Getting help
-?, --help
Print a help message and exit.
--usage
Print a short usage message and exit.
-V, --version
Display version information.
0 Successful program execution.
1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
2 Operational error.
3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or
wasn't matched.
MANPATH
If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to
search for manual pages.
See the SEARCH PATH section of manpath(5) for the default
behaviour and details of how this environment variable is
handled.
MANROFFOPT
Every time man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff, or
groff), it adds the contents of $MANROFFOPT to the
formatter's command line.
For example, MANROFFOPT=-P-i tells the formatter to use
italic text (which is only supported by some terminals)
rather than underlined text.
MANROFFSEQ
If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the
set of preprocessors to pass each manual page through.
The default preprocessor list is system dependent.
MANSECT
If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of
sections and it is used to determine which manual sections
to search and in what order. The default is "1 n l 8 3 0
2 3type 5 4 9 6 7", unless overridden by the SECTION
directive in /usr/local/etc/man_db.conf.
MANPAGER, PAGER
If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in
preference), its value is used as the name of the program
used to display the manual page. By default, less is
used, falling back to cat if less is not found or is not
executable.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with
arguments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single
quotes, or double quotes). It may not use pipes to
connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper
script, which may take the file to display either as an
argument or on standard input.
MANLESS
If $MANLESS is set, its value will be used as the default
prompt string for the less pager, as if it had been passed
using the -r option (so any occurrences of the text
$MAN_PN will be expanded in the same way). For example,
if you want to set the prompt string unconditionally to
“my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to ‘-Psmy prompt string’.
Using the -r option overrides this environment variable.
BROWSER
If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of
commands, each of which in turn is used to try to start a
web browser for man --html. In each command, %s is
replaced by a filename containing the HTML output from
groff, %% is replaced by a single percent sign (%), and %c
is replaced by a colon (:).
SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it
had been specified as the argument to the -m option.
MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's
command line and is expected to be in a similar format.
As all of the other man specific environment variables can
be expressed as command line options, and are thus
candidates for being included in $MANOPT it is expected
that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that
should be interpreted as part of an option's argument must
be escaped.
MANWIDTH
If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length
for which manual pages should be formatted. If it is not
set, manual pages will be formatted with a line length
appropriate to the current terminal (using the value of
$COLUMNS, and ioctl(2) if available, or falling back to 80
characters if neither is available). Cat pages will only
be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is
when the terminal line length is between 66 and 80
characters.
MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal
(such as to a file or a pipe), formatting characters are
discarded to make it easier to read the result without
special tools. However, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to
any non-empty value, these formatting characters are
retained. This may be useful for wrappers around man that
can interpret formatting characters.
MAN_KEEP_STDERR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal
(usually to a pager), any error output from the command
used to produce formatted versions of manual pages is
discarded to avoid interfering with the pager's display.
Programs such as groff often produce relatively minor
error messages about typographical problems such as poor
alignment, which are unsightly and generally confusing
when displayed along with the manual page. However, some
users want to see them anyway, so, if $MAN_KEEP_STDERR is
set to any non-empty value, error output will be displayed
as usual.
MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP
On Linux, man normally confines subprocesses that handle
untrusted data using a seccomp(2) sandbox. This makes it
safer to run complex parsing code over arbitrary manual
pages. If this goes wrong for some reason unrelated to
the content of the page being displayed, you can set
$MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP to any non-empty value to disable the
sandbox.
PIPELINE_DEBUG
If the $PIPELINE_DEBUG environment variable is set to "1",
then man will print debugging messages to standard error
describing each subprocess it runs.
LANG, LC_MESSAGES
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of
$LANG and $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the
current message locale. man will display its messages in
that locale (if available). See setlocale(3) for precise
details.
/usr/local/etc/man_db.conf
man-db configuration file.
/usr/share/man
A global manual page hierarchy.
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.1-2017.
apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1),
whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8)
Documentation for some packages may be available in other
formats, such as info(1) or HTML.
1990, 1991 – Originally written by John W. Eaton
([email protected]).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith ([email protected]) applied bug fixes
supplied by Willem Kasdorp ([email protected]).
30th April 1994 – 23rd February 2000: Wilf.
([email protected]) has been developing and maintaining
this package with the help of a few dedicated people.
30th October 1996 – 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco
<[email protected]> maintained and enhanced this package for
the Debian project, with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 – present day: Colin Watson <[email protected]>
is now developing and maintaining man-db.
https://gitlab.com/man-db/man-db/-/issues
https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=man-db
This page is part of the man-db (manual pager suite) project.
Information about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.nongnu.org/man-db/⟩. If you have a bug report for
this manual page, send it to [email protected]. This page
was obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://gitlab.com/cjwatson/man-db⟩ on 2024-06-14. (At that
time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in the
repository was 2024-06-07.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
[email protected]
2.12.1 2024-04-05 MAN(1)
Pages that refer to this page: apropos(1), git(1), intro(1), lexgrog(1), manconv(1), manpath(1), man-recode(1), systemd-analyze(1), ul(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), environ(7), man-pages(7), catman(8), mandb(8)
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HTML rendering created 2024-06-26 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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