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EXPECT(1) General Commands Manual EXPECT(1)
expect - programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5
expect [ -dDinN ] [ -c cmds ] [ [ -[f|b] ] cmdfile ] [ args ]
Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs
according to a script. Following the script, Expect knows what
can be expected from a program and what the correct response
should be. An interpreted language provides branching and high-
level control structures to direct the dialogue. In addition,
the user can take control and interact directly when desired,
afterward returning control to the script.
Expectk is a mixture of Expect and Tk. It behaves just like
Expect and Tk's wish. Expect can also be used directly in C or
C++ (that is, without Tcl). See libexpect(3).
The name "Expect" comes from the idea of send/expect sequences
popularized by uucp, kermit and other modem control programs.
However unlike uucp, Expect is generalized so that it can be run
as a user-level command with any program and task in mind.
Expect can actually talk to several programs at the same time.
For example, here are some things Expect can do:
• Cause your computer to dial you back, so that you can
login without paying for the call.
• Start a game (e.g., rogue) and if the optimal
configuration doesn't appear, restart it (again and
again) until it does, then hand over control to you.
• Run fsck, and in response to its questions, answer
"yes", "no" or give control back to you, based on
predetermined criteria.
• Connect to another network or BBS (e.g., MCI Mail,
CompuServe) and automatically retrieve your mail so
that it appears as if it was originally sent to your
local system.
• Carry environment variables, current directory, or any
kind of information across rlogin, telnet, tip, su,
chgrp, etc.
There are a variety of reasons why the shell cannot perform these
tasks. (Try, you'll see.) All are possible with Expect.
In general, Expect is useful for running any program which
requires interaction between the program and the user. All that
is necessary is that the interaction can be characterized
programmatically. Expect can also give the user back control
(without halting the program being controlled) if desired.
Similarly, the user can return control to the script at any time.
Expect reads cmdfile for a list of commands to execute. Expect
may also be invoked implicitly on systems which support the #!
notation by marking the script executable, and making the first
line in your script:
#!/usr/local/bin/expect -f
Of course, the path must accurately describe where Expect lives.
/usr/local/bin is just an example.
The -c flag prefaces a command to be executed before any in the
script. The command should be quoted to prevent being broken up
by the shell. This option may be used multiple times. Multiple
commands may be executed with a single -c by separating them with
semicolons. Commands are executed in the order they appear.
(When using Expectk, this option is specified as -command.)
The -d flag enables some diagnostic output, which primarily
reports internal activity of commands such as expect and
interact. This flag has the same effect as "exp_internal 1" at
the beginning of an Expect script, plus the version of Expect is
printed. (The strace command is useful for tracing statements,
and the trace command is useful for tracing variable
assignments.) (When using Expectk, this option is specified as
-diag.)
The -D flag enables an interactive debugger. An integer value
should follow. The debugger will take control before the next
Tcl procedure if the value is non-zero or if a ^C is pressed (or
a breakpoint is hit, or other appropriate debugger command
appears in the script). See the README file or SEE ALSO (below)
for more information on the debugger. (When using Expectk, this
option is specified as -Debug.)
The -f flag prefaces a file from which to read commands from.
The flag itself is optional as it is only useful when using the
#! notation (see above), so that other arguments may be supplied
on the command line. (When using Expectk, this option is
specified as -file.)
By default, the command file is read into memory and executed in
its entirety. It is occasionally desirable to read files one
line at a time. For example, stdin is read this way. In order
to force arbitrary files to be handled this way, use the -b flag.
(When using Expectk, this option is specified as -buffer.) Note
that stdio-buffering may still take place however this shouldn't
cause problems when reading from a fifo or stdin.
If the string "-" is supplied as a filename, standard input is
read instead. (Use "./-" to read from a file actually named
"-".)
The -i flag causes Expect to interactively prompt for commands
instead of reading them from a file. Prompting is terminated via
the exit command or upon EOF. See interpreter (below) for more
information. -i is assumed if neither a command file nor -c is
used. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as
-interactive.)
-- may be used to delimit the end of the options. This is useful
if you want to pass an option-like argument to your script
without it being interpreted by Expect. This can usefully be
placed in the #! line to prevent any flag-like interpretation by
Expect. For example, the following will leave the original
arguments (including the script name) in the variable argv.
#!/usr/local/bin/expect --
Note that the usual getopt(3) and execve(2) conventions must be
observed when adding arguments to the #! line.
The file $exp_library/expect.rc is sourced automatically if
present, unless the -N flag is used. (When using Expectk, this
option is specified as -NORC.) Immediately after this, the file
~/.expect.rc is sourced automatically, unless the -n flag is
used. If the environment variable DOTDIR is defined, it is
treated as a directory and .expect.rc is read from there. (When
using Expectk, this option is specified as -norc.) This sourcing
occurs only after executing any -c flags.
-v causes Expect to print its version number and exit. (The
corresponding flag in Expectk, which uses long flag names, is
-version.)
Optional args are constructed into a list and stored in the
variable named argv. argc is initialized to the length of argv.
argv0 is defined to be the name of the script (or binary if no
script is used). For example, the following prints out the name
of the script and the first three arguments:
send_user "$argv0 [lrange $argv 0 2]\n"
Expect uses Tcl (Tool Command Language). Tcl provides control
flow (e.g., if, for, break), expression evaluation and several
other features such as recursion, procedure definition, etc.
Commands used here but not defined (e.g., set, if, exec) are Tcl
commands (see tcl(3)). Expect supports additional commands,
described below. Unless otherwise specified, commands return the
empty string.
Commands are listed alphabetically so that they can be quickly
located. However, new users may find it easier to start by
reading the descriptions of spawn, send, expect, and interact, in
that order.
Note that the best introduction to the language (both Expect and
Tcl) is provided in the book "Exploring Expect" (see SEE ALSO
below). Examples are included in this man page but they are very
limited since this man page is meant primarily as reference
material.
Note that in the text of this man page, "Expect" with an
uppercase "E" refers to the Expect program while "expect" with a
lower-case "e" refers to the expect command within the Expect
program.)
close [-slave] [-onexec 0|1] [-i spawn_id]
closes the connection to the current process. Most
interactive programs will detect EOF on their stdin and
exit; thus close usually suffices to kill the process as
well. The -i flag declares the process to close
corresponding to the named spawn_id.
Both expect and interact will detect when the current
process exits and implicitly do a close. But if you kill
the process by, say, "exec kill $pid", you will need to
explicitly call close.
The -onexec flag determines whether the spawn id will be
closed in any new spawned processes or if the process is
overlayed. To leave a spawn id open, use the value 0. A
non-zero integer value will force the spawn closed (the
default) in any new processes.
The -slave flag closes the slave associated with the spawn
id. (See "spawn -pty".) When the connection is closed,
the slave is automatically closed as well if still open.
No matter whether the connection is closed implicitly or
explicitly, you should call wait to clear up the
corresponding kernel process slot. close does not call
wait since there is no guarantee that closing a process
connection will cause it to exit. See wait below for more
info.
debug [[-now] 0|1]
controls a Tcl debugger allowing you to step through
statements, set breakpoints, etc.
With no arguments, a 1 is returned if the debugger is not
running, otherwise a 0 is returned.
With a 1 argument, the debugger is started. With a 0
argument, the debugger is stopped. If a 1 argument is
preceded by the -now flag, the debugger is started
immediately (i.e., in the middle of the debug command
itself). Otherwise, the debugger is started with the next
Tcl statement.
The debug command does not change any traps. Compare this
to starting Expect with the -D flag (see above).
See the README file or SEE ALSO (below) for more
information on the debugger.
disconnect
disconnects a forked process from the terminal. It
continues running in the background. The process is given
its own process group (if possible). Standard I/O is
redirected to /dev/null.
The following fragment uses disconnect to continue running
the script in the background.
if {[fork]!=0} exit
disconnect
. . .
The following script reads a password, and then runs a
program every hour that demands a password each time it is
run. The script supplies the password so that you only
have to type it once. (See the stty command which
demonstrates how to turn off password echoing.)
send_user "password?\ "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
for {} 1 {} {
if {[fork]!=0} {sleep 3600;continue}
disconnect
spawn priv_prog
expect Password:
send "$expect_out(1,string)\r"
. . .
exit
}
An advantage to using disconnect over the shell
asynchronous process feature (&) is that Expect can save
the terminal parameters prior to disconnection, and then
later apply them to new ptys. With &, Expect does not have
a chance to read the terminal's parameters since the
terminal is already disconnected by the time Expect
receives control.
exit [-opts] [status]
causes Expect to exit or otherwise prepare to do so.
The -onexit flag causes the next argument to be used as an
exit handler. Without an argument, the current exit
handler is returned.
The -noexit flag causes Expect to prepare to exit but stop
short of actually returning control to the operating
system. The user-defined exit handler is run as well as
Expect's own internal handlers. No further Expect commands
should be executed. This is useful if you are running
Expect with other Tcl extensions. The current interpreter
(and main window if in the Tk environment) remain so that
other Tcl extensions can clean up. If Expect's exit is
called again (however this might occur), the handlers are
not rerun.
Upon exiting, all connections to spawned processes are
closed. Closure will be detected as an EOF by spawned
processes. exit takes no other actions beyond what the
normal _exit(2) procedure does. Thus, spawned processes
that do not check for EOF may continue to run. (A variety
of conditions are important to determining, for example,
what signals a spawned process will be sent, but these are
system-dependent, typically documented under exit(3).)
Spawned processes that continue to run will be inherited by
init.
status (or 0 if not specified) is returned as the exit
status of Expect. exit is implicitly executed if the end
of the script is reached.
exp_continue [-continue_timer]
The command exp_continue allows expect itself to continue
executing rather than returning as it normally would. By
default exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The
-continue_timer flag prevents timer from being restarted.
(See expect for more information.)
exp_internal [-f file] value
causes further commands to send diagnostic information
internal to Expect to stderr if value is non-zero. This
output is disabled if value is 0. The diagnostic
information includes every character received, and every
attempt made to match the current output against the
patterns.
If the optional file is supplied, all normal and debugging
output is written to that file (regardless of the value of
value). Any previous diagnostic output file is closed.
The -info flag causes exp_internal to return a description
of the most recent non-info arguments given.
exp_open [args] [-i spawn_id]
returns a Tcl file identifier that corresponds to the
original spawn id. The file identifier can then be used as
if it were opened by Tcl's open command. (The spawn id
should no longer be used. A wait should not be executed.
The -leaveopen flag leaves the spawn id open for access
through Expect commands. A wait must be executed on the
spawn id.
exp_pid [-i spawn_id]
returns the process id corresponding to the currently
spawned process. If the -i flag is used, the pid returned
corresponds to that of the given spawn id.
exp_send
is an alias for send.
exp_send_error
is an alias for send_error.
exp_send_log
is an alias for send_log.
exp_send_tty
is an alias for send_tty.
exp_send_user
is an alias for send_user.
exp_version [[-exit] version]
is useful for assuring that the script is compatible with
the current version of Expect.
With no arguments, the current version of Expect is
returned. This version may then be encoded in your script.
If you actually know that you are not using features of
recent versions, you can specify an earlier version.
Versions consist of three numbers separated by dots. First
is the major number. Scripts written for versions of
Expect with a different major number will almost certainly
not work. exp_version returns an error if the major
numbers do not match.
Second is the minor number. Scripts written for a version
with a greater minor number than the current version may
depend upon some new feature and might not run.
exp_version returns an error if the major numbers match,
but the script minor number is greater than that of the
running Expect.
Third is a number that plays no part in the version
comparison. However, it is incremented when the Expect
software distribution is changed in any way, such as by
additional documentation or optimization. It is reset to 0
upon each new minor version.
With the -exit flag, Expect prints an error and exits if
the version is out of date.
expect [[-opts] pat1 body1] ... [-opts] patn [bodyn]
waits until one of the patterns matches the output of a
spawned process, a specified time period has passed, or an
end-of-file is seen. If the final body is empty, it may be
omitted.
Patterns from the most recent expect_before command are
implicitly used before any other patterns. Patterns from
the most recent expect_after command are implicitly used
after any other patterns.
If the arguments to the entire expect statement require
more than one line, all the arguments may be "braced" into
one so as to avoid terminating each line with a backslash.
In this one case, the usual Tcl substitutions will occur
despite the braces.
If a pattern is the keyword eof, the corresponding body is
executed upon end-of-file. If a pattern is the keyword
timeout, the corresponding body is executed upon timeout.
If no timeout keyword is used, an implicit null action is
executed upon timeout. The default timeout period is 10
seconds but may be set, for example to 30, by the command
"set timeout 30". An infinite timeout may be designated by
the value -1. If a pattern is the keyword default, the
corresponding body is executed upon either timeout or end-
of-file.
If a pattern matches, then the corresponding body is
executed. expect returns the result of the body (or the
empty string if no pattern matched). In the event that
multiple patterns match, the one appearing first is used to
select a body.
Each time new output arrives, it is compared to each
pattern in the order they are listed. Thus, you may test
for absence of a match by making the last pattern something
guaranteed to appear, such as a prompt. In situations
where there is no prompt, you must use timeout (just like
you would if you were interacting manually).
Patterns are specified in three ways. By default, patterns
are specified as with Tcl's string match command. (Such
patterns are also similar to C-shell regular expressions
usually referred to as "glob" patterns). The -gl flag may
may be used to protect patterns that might otherwise match
expect flags from doing so. Any pattern beginning with a
"-" should be protected this way. (All strings starting
with "-" are reserved for future options.)
For example, the following fragment looks for a successful
login. (Note that abort is presumed to be a procedure
defined elsewhere in the script.)
expect {
busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
failed abort
"invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
Quotes are necessary on the fourth pattern since it
contains a space, which would otherwise separate the
pattern from the action. Patterns with the same action
(such as the 3rd and 4th) require listing the actions
again. This can be avoid by using regexp-style patterns
(see below). More information on forming glob-style
patterns can be found in the Tcl manual.
Regexp-style patterns follow the syntax defined by Tcl's
regexp (short for "regular expression") command. regexp
patterns are introduced with the flag -re. The previous
example can be rewritten using a regexp as:
expect {
busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
-re "failed|invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
Both types of patterns are "unanchored". This means that
patterns do not have to match the entire string, but can
begin and end the match anywhere in the string (as long as
everything else matches). Use ^ to match the beginning of
a string, and $ to match the end. Note that if you do not
wait for the end of a string, your responses can easily end
up in the middle of the string as they are echoed from the
spawned process. While still producing correct results,
the output can look unnatural. Thus, use of $ is
encouraged if you can exactly describe the characters at
the end of a string.
Note that in many editors, the ^ and $ match the beginning
and end of lines respectively. However, because expect is
not line oriented, these characters match the beginning and
end of the data (as opposed to lines) currently in the
expect matching buffer. (Also, see the note below on
"system indigestion.")
The -ex flag causes the pattern to be matched as an "exact"
string. No interpretation of *, ^, etc is made (although
the usual Tcl conventions must still be observed). Exact
patterns are always unanchored.
The -nocase flag causes uppercase characters of the output
to compare as if they were lowercase characters. The
pattern is not affected.
While reading output, more than 2000 bytes can force
earlier bytes to be "forgotten". This may be changed with
the function match_max. (Note that excessively large
values can slow down the pattern matcher.) If patlist is
full_buffer, the corresponding body is executed if
match_max bytes have been received and no other patterns
have matched. Whether or not the full_buffer keyword is
used, the forgotten characters are written to
expect_out(buffer).
If patlist is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via
the remove_nulls command), the corresponding body is
executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is not
possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp patterns.
Upon matching a pattern (or eof or full_buffer), any
matching and previously unmatched output is saved in the
variable expect_out(buffer). Up to 9 regexp substring
matches are saved in the variables expect_out(1,string)
through expect_out(9,string). If the -indices flag is used
before a pattern, the starting and ending indices (in a
form suitable for lrange) of the 10 strings are stored in
the variables expect_out(X,start) and expect_out(X,end)
where X is a digit, corresponds to the substring position
in the buffer. 0 refers to strings which matched the
entire pattern and is generated for glob patterns as well
as regexp patterns. For example, if a process has produced
output of "abcdefgh\n", the result of:
expect "cd"
is as if the following statements had executed:
set expect_out(0,string) cd
set expect_out(buffer) abcd
and "efgh\n" is left in the output buffer. If a process
produced the output "abbbcabkkkka\n", the result of:
expect -indices -re "b(b*).*(k+)"
is as if the following statements had executed:
set expect_out(0,start) 1
set expect_out(0,end) 10
set expect_out(0,string) bbbcabkkkk
set expect_out(1,start) 2
set expect_out(1,end) 3
set expect_out(1,string) bb
set expect_out(2,start) 10
set expect_out(2,end) 10
set expect_out(2,string) k
set expect_out(buffer) abbbcabkkkk
and "a\n" is left in the output buffer. The pattern "*"
(and -re ".*") will flush the output buffer without reading
any more output from the process.
Normally, the matched output is discarded from Expect's
internal buffers. This may be prevented by prefixing a
pattern with the -notransfer flag. This flag is especially
useful in experimenting (and can be abbreviated to "-not"
for convenience while experimenting).
The spawn id associated with the matching output (or eof or
full_buffer) is stored in expect_out(spawn_id).
The -timeout flag causes the current expect command to use
the following value as a timeout instead of using the value
of the timeout variable.
By default, patterns are matched against output from the
current process, however the -i flag declares the output
from the named spawn_id list be matched against any
following patterns (up to the next -i). The spawn_id list
should either be a whitespace separated list of spawn_ids
or a variable referring to such a list of spawn_ids.
For example, the following example waits for "connected"
from the current process, or "busy", "failed" or "invalid
password" from the spawn_id named by $proc2.
expect {
-i $proc2 busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
-re "failed|invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
The value of the global variable any_spawn_id may be used
to match patterns to any spawn_ids that are named with all
other -i flags in the current expect command. The spawn_id
from a -i flag with no associated pattern (i.e., followed
immediately by another -i) is made available to any other
patterns in the same expect command associated with
any_spawn_id.
The -i flag may also name a global variable in which case
the variable is read for a list of spawn ids. The variable
is reread whenever it changes. This provides a way of
changing the I/O source while the command is in execution.
Spawn ids provided this way are called "indirect" spawn
ids.
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures
(i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way. The command
exp_continue allows expect itself to continue executing
rather than returning as it normally would.
This is useful for avoiding explicit loops or repeated
expect statements. The following example is part of a
fragment to automate rlogin. The exp_continue avoids
having to write a second expect statement (to look for the
prompt again) if the rlogin prompts for a password.
expect {
Password: {
stty -echo
send_user "password (for $user) on $host: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
send_user "\n"
send "$expect_out(1,string)\r"
stty echo
exp_continue
} incorrect {
send_user "invalid password or account\n"
exit
} timeout {
send_user "connection to $host timed out\n"
exit
} eof {
send_user \
"connection to host failed: $expect_out(buffer)"
exit
} -re $prompt
}
For example, the following fragment might help a user guide
an interaction that is already totally automated. In this
case, the terminal is put into raw mode. If the user
presses "+", a variable is incremented. If "p" is pressed,
several returns are sent to the process, perhaps to poke it
in some way, and "i" lets the user interact with the
process, effectively stealing away control from the script.
In each case, the exp_continue allows the current expect to
continue pattern matching after executing the current
action.
stty raw -echo
expect_after {
-i $user_spawn_id
"p" {send "\r\r\r"; exp_continue}
"+" {incr foo; exp_continue}
"i" {interact; exp_continue}
"quit" exit
}
By default, exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The
timer is not restarted, if exp_continue is called with the
-continue_timer flag.
expect_after [expect_args]
works identically to the expect_before except that if
patterns from both expect and expect_after can match, the
expect pattern is used. See the expect_before command for
more information.
expect_background [expect_args]
takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns
immediately. Patterns are tested whenever new input
arrives. The pattern timeout and default are meaningless
to expect_background and are silently discarded.
Otherwise, the expect_background command uses expect_before
and expect_after patterns just like expect does.
When expect_background actions are being evaluated,
background processing for the same spawn id is blocked.
Background processing is unblocked when the action
completes. While background processing is blocked, it is
possible to do a (foreground) expect on the same spawn id.
It is not possible to execute an expect while an
expect_background is unblocked. expect_background for a
particular spawn id is deleted by declaring a new
expect_background with the same spawn id. Declaring
expect_background with no pattern removes the given spawn
id from the ability to match patterns in the background.
expect_before [expect_args]
takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns
immediately. Pattern-action pairs from the most recent
expect_before with the same spawn id are implicitly added
to any following expect commands. If a pattern matches, it
is treated as if it had been specified in the expect
command itself, and the associated body is executed in the
context of the expect command. If patterns from both
expect_before and expect can match, the expect_before
pattern is used.
If no pattern is specified, the spawn id is not checked for
any patterns.
Unless overridden by a -i flag, expect_before patterns
match against the spawn id defined at the time that the
expect_before command was executed (not when its pattern is
matched).
The -info flag causes expect_before to return the current
specifications of what patterns it will match. By default,
it reports on the current spawn id. An optional spawn id
specification may be given for information on that spawn
id. For example
expect_before -info -i $proc
At most one spawn id specification may be given. The flag
-indirect suppresses direct spawn ids that come only from
indirect specifications.
Instead of a spawn id specification, the flag "-all" will
cause "-info" to report on all spawn ids.
The output of the -info flag can be reused as the argument
to expect_before.
expect_tty [expect_args]
is like expect but it reads characters from /dev/tty (i.e.
keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is
performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a
return in order for expect to see them. This may be
changed via stty (see the stty command below).
expect_user [expect_args]
is like expect but it reads characters from stdin (i.e.
keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is
performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a
return in order for expect to see them. This may be
changed via stty (see the stty command below).
fork creates a new process. The new process is an exact copy of
the current Expect process. On success, fork returns 0 to
the new (child) process and returns the process ID of the
child process to the parent process. On failure
(invariably due to lack of resources, e.g., swap space,
memory), fork returns -1 to the parent process, and no
child process is created.
Forked processes exit via the exit command, just like the
original process. Forked processes are allowed to write to
the log files. If you do not disable debugging or logging
in most of the processes, the result can be confusing.
Some pty implementations may be confused by multiple
readers and writers, even momentarily. Thus, it is safest
to fork before spawning processes.
interact [string1 body1] ... [stringn [bodyn]]
gives control of the current process to the user, so that
keystrokes are sent to the current process, and the stdout
and stderr of the current process are returned.
String-body pairs may be specified as arguments, in which
case the body is executed when the corresponding string is
entered. (By default, the string is not sent to the
current process.) The interpreter command is assumed, if
the final body is missing.
If the arguments to the entire interact statement require
more than one line, all the arguments may be "braced" into
one so as to avoid terminating each line with a backslash.
In this one case, the usual Tcl substitutions will occur
despite the braces.
For example, the following command runs interact with the
following string-body pairs defined: When ^Z is pressed,
Expect is suspended. (The -reset flag restores the
terminal modes.) When ^A is pressed, the user sees "you
typed a control-A" and the process is sent a ^A. When $ is
pressed, the user sees the date. When ^C is pressed,
Expect exits. If "foo" is entered, the user sees "bar".
When ~~ is pressed, the Expect interpreter runs
interactively.
set CTRLZ \032
interact {
-reset $CTRLZ {exec kill -STOP [pid]}
\001 {send_user "you typed a control-A\n";
send "\001"
}
$ {send_user "The date is [clock format [clock seconds]]."}
\003 exit
foo {send_user "bar"}
~~
}
In string-body pairs, strings are matched in the order they
are listed as arguments. Strings that partially match are
not sent to the current process in anticipation of the
remainder coming. If characters are then entered such that
there can no longer possibly be a match, only the part of
the string will be sent to the process that cannot possibly
begin another match. Thus, strings that are substrings of
partial matches can match later, if the original strings
that was attempting to be match ultimately fails.
By default, string matching is exact with no wild cards.
(In contrast, the expect command uses glob-style patterns
by default.) The -ex flag may be used to protect patterns
that might otherwise match interact flags from doing so.
Any pattern beginning with a "-" should be protected this
way. (All strings starting with "-" are reserved for
future options.)
The -re flag forces the string to be interpreted as a
regexp-style pattern. In this case, matching substrings
are stored in the variable interact_out similarly to the
way expect stores its output in the variable expect_out.
The -indices flag is similarly supported.
The pattern eof introduces an action that is executed upon
end-of-file. A separate eof pattern may also follow the
-output flag in which case it is matched if an eof is
detected while writing output. The default eof action is
"return", so that interact simply returns upon any EOF.
The pattern timeout introduces a timeout (in seconds) and
action that is executed after no characters have been read
for a given time. The timeout pattern applies to the most
recently specified process. There is no default timeout.
The special variable "timeout" (used by the expect command)
has no affect on this timeout.
For example, the following statement could be used to
autologout users who have not typed anything for an hour
but who still get frequent system messages:
interact -input $user_spawn_id timeout 3600 return -output \
$spawn_id
If the pattern is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed
(via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding body is
executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is not
possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp patterns.
Prefacing a pattern with the flag -iwrite causes the
variable interact_out(spawn_id) to be set to the spawn_id
which matched the pattern (or eof).
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures
(i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way. However
return causes interact to return to its caller, while
inter_return causes interact to cause a return in its
caller. For example, if "proc foo" called interact which
then executed the action inter_return, proc foo would
return. (This means that if interact calls interpreter
interactively typing return will cause the interact to
continue, while inter_return will cause the interact to
return to its caller.)
During interact, raw mode is used so that all characters
may be passed to the current process. If the current
process does not catch job control signals, it will stop if
sent a stop signal (by default ^Z). To restart it, send a
continue signal (such as by "kill -CONT <pid>"). If you
really want to send a SIGSTOP to such a process (by ^Z),
consider spawning csh first and then running your program.
On the other hand, if you want to send a SIGSTOP to Expect
itself, first call interpreter (perhaps by using an escape
character), and then press ^Z.
String-body pairs can be used as a shorthand for avoiding
having to enter the interpreter and execute commands
interactively. The previous terminal mode is used while
the body of a string-body pair is being executed.
For speed, actions execute in raw mode by default. The
-reset flag resets the terminal to the mode it had before
interact was executed (invariably, cooked mode). Note that
characters entered when the mode is being switched may be
lost (an unfortunate feature of the terminal driver on some
systems). The only reason to use -reset is if your action
depends on running in cooked mode.
The -echo flag sends characters that match the following
pattern back to the process that generated them as each
character is read. This may be useful when the user needs
to see feedback from partially typed patterns.
If a pattern is being echoed but eventually fails to match,
the characters are sent to the spawned process. If the
spawned process then echoes them, the user will see the
characters twice. -echo is probably only appropriate in
situations where the user is unlikely to not complete the
pattern. For example, the following excerpt is from rftp,
the recursive-ftp script, where the user is prompted to
enter ~g, ~p, or ~l, to get, put, or list the current
directory recursively. These are so far away from the
normal ftp commands, that the user is unlikely to type ~
followed by anything else, except mistakenly, in which
case, they'll probably just ignore the result anyway.
interact {
-echo ~g {getcurdirectory 1}
-echo ~l {getcurdirectory 0}
-echo ~p {putcurdirectory}
}
The -nobuffer flag sends characters that match the
following pattern on to the output process as characters
are read.
This is useful when you wish to let a program echo back the
pattern. For example, the following might be used to
monitor where a person is dialing (a Hayes-style modem).
Each time "atd" is seen the script logs the rest of the
line.
proc lognumber {} {
interact -nobuffer -re "(.*)\r" return
puts $log "[clock format [clock seconds]]: dialed $interact_out(1,string)"
}
interact -nobuffer "atd" lognumber
During interact, previous use of log_user is ignored. In
particular, interact will force its output to be logged
(sent to the standard output) since it is presumed the user
doesn't wish to interact blindly.
The -o flag causes any following key-body pairs to be
applied to the output of the current process. This can be
useful, for example, when dealing with hosts that send
unwanted characters during a telnet session.
By default, interact expects the user to be writing stdin
and reading stdout of the Expect process itself. The -u
flag (for "user") makes interact look for the user as the
process named by its argument (which must be a spawned id).
This allows two unrelated processes to be joined together
without using an explicit loop. To aid in debugging,
Expect diagnostics always go to stderr (or stdout for
certain logging and debugging information). For the same
reason, the interpreter command will read interactively
from stdin.
For example, the following fragment creates a login
process. Then it dials the user (not shown), and finally
connects the two together. Of course, any process may be
substituted for login. A shell, for example, would allow
the user to work without supplying an account and password.
spawn login
set login $spawn_id
spawn tip modem
# dial back out to user
# connect user to login
interact -u $login
To send output to multiple processes, list each spawn id
list prefaced by a -output flag. Input for a group of
output spawn ids may be determined by a spawn id list
prefaced by a -input flag. (Both -input and -output may
take lists in the same form as the -i flag in the expect
command, except that any_spawn_id is not meaningful in
interact.) All following flags and strings (or patterns)
apply to this input until another -input flag appears. If
no -input appears, -output implies "-input $user_spawn_id
-output". (Similarly, with patterns that do not have
-input.) If one -input is specified, it overrides
$user_spawn_id. If a second -input is specified, it
overrides $spawn_id. Additional -input flags may be
specified.
The two implied input processes default to having their
outputs specified as $spawn_id and $user_spawn_id (in
reverse). If a -input flag appears with no -output flag,
characters from that process are discarded.
The -i flag introduces a replacement for the current
spawn_id when no other -input or -output flags are used. A
-i flag implies a -o flag.
It is possible to change the processes that are being
interacted with by using indirect spawn ids. (Indirect
spawn ids are described in the section on the expect
command.) Indirect spawn ids may be specified with the -i,
-u, -input, or -output flags.
interpreter [args]
causes the user to be interactively prompted for Expect and
Tcl commands. The result of each command is printed.
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures
(i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way. However
return causes interpreter to return to its caller, while
inter_return causes interpreter to cause a return in its
caller. For example, if "proc foo" called interpreter
which then executed the action inter_return, proc foo would
return. Any other command causes interpreter to continue
prompting for new commands.
By default, the prompt contains two integers. The first
integer describes the depth of the evaluation stack (i.e.,
how many times Tcl_Eval has been called). The second
integer is the Tcl history identifier. The prompt can be
set by defining a procedure called "prompt1" whose return
value becomes the next prompt. If a statement has open
quotes, parens, braces, or brackets, a secondary prompt (by
default "+> ") is issued upon newline. The secondary
prompt may be set by defining a procedure called "prompt2".
During interpreter, cooked mode is used, even if the its
caller was using raw mode.
If stdin is closed, interpreter will return unless the -eof
flag is used, in which case the subsequent argument is
invoked.
log_file [args] [[-a] file]
If a filename is provided, log_file will record a
transcript of the session (beginning at that point) in the
file. log_file will stop recording if no argument is
given. Any previous log file is closed.
Instead of a filename, a Tcl file identifier may be
provided by using the -open or -leaveopen flags. This is
similar to the spawn command. (See spawn for more info.)
The -a flag forces output to be logged that was suppressed
by the log_user command.
By default, the log_file command appends to old files
rather than truncating them, for the convenience of being
able to turn logging off and on multiple times in one
session. To truncate files, use the -noappend flag.
The -info flag causes log_file to return a description of
the most recent non-info arguments given.
log_user -info|0|1
By default, the send/expect dialogue is logged to stdout
(and a logfile if open). The logging to stdout is disabled
by the command "log_user 0" and reenabled by "log_user 1".
Logging to the logfile is unchanged.
The -info flag causes log_user to return a description of
the most recent non-info arguments given.
match_max [-d] [-i spawn_id] [size]
defines the size of the buffer (in bytes) used internally
by expect. With no size argument, the current size is
returned.
With the -d flag, the default size is set. (The initial
default is 2000.) With the -i flag, the size is set for
the named spawn id, otherwise it is set for the current
process.
overlay [-# spawn_id] [-# spawn_id] [...] program [args]
executes program args in place of the current Expect
program, which terminates. A bare hyphen argument forces a
hyphen in front of the command name as if it was a login
shell. All spawn_ids are closed except for those named as
arguments. These are mapped onto the named file
identifiers.
Spawn_ids are mapped to file identifiers for the new
program to inherit. For example, the following line runs
chess and allows it to be controlled by the current process
- say, a chess master.
overlay -0 $spawn_id -1 $spawn_id -2 $spawn_id chess
This is more efficient than "interact -u", however, it
sacrifices the ability to do programmed interaction since
the Expect process is no longer in control.
Note that no controlling terminal is provided. Thus, if
you disconnect or remap standard input, programs that do
job control (shells, login, etc) will not function
properly.
parity [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]
defines whether parity should be retained or stripped from
the output of spawned processes. If value is zero, parity
is stripped, otherwise it is not stripped. With no value
argument, the current value is returned.
With the -d flag, the default parity value is set. (The
initial default is 1, i.e., parity is not stripped.) With
the -i flag, the parity value is set for the named spawn
id, otherwise it is set for the current process.
remove_nulls [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]
defines whether nulls are retained or removed from the
output of spawned processes before pattern matching or
storing in the variable expect_out or interact_out. If
value is 1, nulls are removed. If value is 0, nulls are
not removed. With no value argument, the current value is
returned.
With the -d flag, the default value is set. (The initial
default is 1, i.e., nulls are removed.) With the -i flag,
the value is set for the named spawn id, otherwise it is
set for the current process.
Whether or not nulls are removed, Expect will record null
bytes to the log and stdout.
send [-flags] string
Sends string to the current process. For example, the
command
send "hello world\r"
sends the characters, h e l l o <blank> w o r l d <return>
to the current process. (Tcl includes a printf-like
command (called format) which can build arbitrarily complex
strings.)
Characters are sent immediately although programs with
line-buffered input will not read the characters until a
return character is sent. A return character is denoted
"\r".
The -- flag forces the next argument to be interpreted as a
string rather than a flag. Any string can be preceded by
"--" whether or not it actually looks like a flag. This
provides a reliable mechanism to specify variable strings
without being tripped up by those that accidentally look
like flags. (All strings starting with "-" are reserved
for future options.)
The -i flag declares that the string be sent to the named
spawn_id. If the spawn_id is user_spawn_id, and the
terminal is in raw mode, newlines in the string are
translated to return-newline sequences so that they appear
as if the terminal was in cooked mode. The -raw flag
disables this translation.
The -null flag sends null characters (0 bytes). By
default, one null is sent. An integer may follow the -null
to indicate how many nulls to send.
The -break flag generates a break condition. This only
makes sense if the spawn id refers to a tty device opened
via "spawn -open". If you have spawned a process such as
tip, you should use tip's convention for generating a
break.
The -s flag forces output to be sent "slowly", thus avoid
the common situation where a computer outtypes an input
buffer that was designed for a human who would never
outtype the same buffer. This output is controlled by the
value of the variable "send_slow" which takes a two element
list. The first element is an integer that describes the
number of bytes to send atomically. The second element is
a real number that describes the number of seconds by which
the atomic sends must be separated. For example, "set
send_slow {10 .001}" would force "send -s" to send strings
with 1 millisecond in between each 10 characters sent.
The -h flag forces output to be sent (somewhat) like a
human actually typing. Human-like delays appear between
the characters. (The algorithm is based upon a Weibull
distribution, with modifications to suit this particular
application.) This output is controlled by the value of
the variable "send_human" which takes a five element list.
The first two elements are average interarrival time of
characters in seconds. The first is used by default. The
second is used at word endings, to simulate the subtle
pauses that occasionally occur at such transitions. The
third parameter is a measure of variability where .1 is
quite variable, 1 is reasonably variable, and 10 is quite
invariable. The extremes are 0 to infinity. The last two
parameters are, respectively, a minimum and maximum
interarrival time. The minimum and maximum are used last
and "clip" the final time. The ultimate average can be
quite different from the given average if the minimum and
maximum clip enough values.
As an example, the following command emulates a fast and
consistent typist:
set send_human {.1 .3 1 .05 2}
send -h "I'm hungry. Let's do lunch."
while the following might be more suitable after a
hangover:
set send_human {.4 .4 .2 .5 100}
send -h "Goodd party lash night!"
Note that errors are not simulated, although you can set up
error correction situations yourself by embedding mistakes
and corrections in a send argument.
The flags for sending null characters, for sending breaks,
for forcing slow output and for human-style output are
mutually exclusive. Only the one specified last will be
used. Furthermore, no string argument can be specified with
the flags for sending null characters or breaks.
It is a good idea to precede the first send to a process by
an expect. expect will wait for the process to start,
while send cannot. In particular, if the first send
completes before the process starts running, you run the
risk of having your data ignored. In situations where
interactive programs offer no initial prompt, you can
precede send by a delay as in:
# To avoid giving hackers hints on how to break in,
# this system does not prompt for an external password.
# Wait for 5 seconds for exec to complete
spawn telnet very.secure.gov
sleep 5
send password\r
exp_send is an alias for send. If you are using Expectk or
some other variant of Expect in the Tk environment, send is
defined by Tk for an entirely different purpose. exp_send
is provided for compatibility between environments.
Similar aliases are provided for other Expect's other send
commands.
send_error [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to stderr
rather than the current process.
send_log [--] string
is like send, except that the string is only sent to the
log file (see log_file.) The arguments are ignored if no
log file is open.
send_tty [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to /dev/tty
rather than the current process.
send_user [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to stdout
rather than the current process.
sleep seconds
causes the script to sleep for the given number of seconds.
Seconds may be a decimal number. Interrupts (and Tk events
if you are using Expectk) are processed while Expect
sleeps.
spawn [args] program [args]
creates a new process running program args. Its stdin,
stdout and stderr are connected to Expect, so that they may
be read and written by other Expect commands. The
connection is broken by close or if the process itself
closes any of the file identifiers.
When a process is started by spawn, the variable spawn_id
is set to a descriptor referring to that process. The
process described by spawn_id is considered the current
process. spawn_id may be read or written, in effect
providing job control.
user_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor
which refers to the user. For example, when spawn_id is
set to this value, expect behaves like expect_user.
error_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor
which refers to the standard error. For example, when
spawn_id is set to this value, send behaves like
send_error.
tty_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor
which refers to /dev/tty. If /dev/tty does not exist (such
as in a cron, at, or batch script), then tty_spawn_id is
not defined. This may be tested as:
if {[info vars tty_spawn_id]} {
# /dev/tty exists
} else {
# /dev/tty doesn't exist
# probably in cron, batch, or at script
}
spawn returns the UNIX process id. If no process is
spawned, 0 is returned. The variable spawn_out(slave,name)
is set to the name of the pty slave device.
By default, spawn echoes the command name and arguments.
The -noecho flag stops spawn from doing this.
The -console flag causes console output to be redirected to
the spawned process. This is not supported on all systems.
Internally, spawn uses a pty, initialized the same way as
the user's tty. This is further initialized so that all
settings are "sane" (according to stty(1)). If the
variable stty_init is defined, it is interpreted in the
style of stty arguments as further configuration. For
example, "set stty_init raw" will cause further spawned
processes's terminals to start in raw mode. -nottycopy
skips the initialization based on the user's tty.
-nottyinit skips the "sane" initialization.
Normally, spawn takes little time to execute. If you
notice spawn taking a significant amount of time, it is
probably encountering ptys that are wedged. A number of
tests are run on ptys to avoid entanglements with errant
processes. (These take 10 seconds per wedged pty.)
Running Expect with the -d option will show if Expect is
encountering many ptys in odd states. If you cannot kill
the processes to which these ptys are attached, your only
recourse may be to reboot.
If program cannot be spawned successfully because exec(2)
fails (e.g. when program doesn't exist), an error message
will be returned by the next interact or expect command as
if program had run and produced the error message as
output. This behavior is a natural consequence of the
implementation of spawn. Internally, spawn forks, after
which the spawned process has no way to communicate with
the original Expect process except by communication via the
spawn_id.
The -open flag causes the next argument to be interpreted
as a Tcl file identifier (i.e., returned by open.) The
spawn id can then be used as if it were a spawned process.
(The file identifier should no longer be used.) This lets
you treat raw devices, files, and pipelines as spawned
processes without using a pty. 0 is returned to indicate
there is no associated process. When the connection to the
spawned process is closed, so is the Tcl file identifier.
The -leaveopen flag is similar to -open except that
-leaveopen causes the file identifier to be left open even
after the spawn id is closed.
The -pty flag causes a pty to be opened but no process
spawned. 0 is returned to indicate there is no associated
process. Spawn_id is set as usual.
The variable spawn_out(slave,fd) is set to a file
identifier corresponding to the pty slave. It can be
closed using "close -slave".
The -ignore flag names a signal to be ignored in the
spawned process. Otherwise, signals get the default
behavior. Signals are named as in the trap command, except
that each signal requires a separate flag.
strace level
causes following statements to be printed before being
executed. (Tcl's trace command traces variables.) level
indicates how far down in the call stack to trace. For
example, the following command runs Expect while tracing
the first 4 levels of calls, but none below that.
expect -c "strace 4" script.exp
The -info flag causes strace to return a description of the
most recent non-info arguments given.
stty args
changes terminal modes similarly to the external stty
command.
By default, the controlling terminal is accessed. Other
terminals can be accessed by appending "< /dev/tty..." to
the command. (Note that the arguments should not be
grouped into a single argument.)
Requests for status return it as the result of the command.
If no status is requested and the controlling terminal is
accessed, the previous status of the raw and echo
attributes are returned in a form which can later be used
by the command.
For example, the arguments raw or -cooked put the terminal
into raw mode. The arguments -raw or cooked put the
terminal into cooked mode. The arguments echo and -echo
put the terminal into echo and noecho mode respectively.
The following example illustrates how to temporarily
disable echoing. This could be used in otherwise-automatic
scripts to avoid embedding passwords in them. (See more
discussion on this under EXPECT HINTS below.)
stty -echo
send_user "Password: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
set password $expect_out(1,string)
stty echo
system args
gives args to sh(1) as input, just as if it had been typed
as a command from a terminal. Expect waits until the shell
terminates. The return status from sh is handled the same
way that exec handles its return status.
In contrast to exec which redirects stdin and stdout to the
script, system performs no redirection (other than that
indicated by the string itself). Thus, it is possible to
use programs which must talk directly to /dev/tty. For the
same reason, the results of system are not recorded in the
log.
timestamp [args]
returns a timestamp. With no arguments, the number of
seconds since the epoch is returned.
The -format flag introduces a string which is returned but
with substitutions made according to the POSIX rules for
strftime. For example %a is replaced by an abbreviated
weekday name (i.e., Sat). Others are:
%a abbreviated weekday name
%A full weekday name
%b abbreviated month name
%B full month name
%c date-time as in: Wed Oct 6 11:45:56 1993
%d day of the month (01-31)
%H hour (00-23)
%I hour (01-12)
%j day (001-366)
%m month (01-12)
%M minute (00-59)
%p am or pm
%S second (00-61)
%u day (1-7, Monday is first day of week)
%U week (00-53, first Sunday is first day of week one)
%V week (01-53, ISO 8601 style)
%w day (0-6)
%W week (00-53, first Monday is first day of week one)
%x date-time as in: Wed Oct 6 1993
%X time as in: 23:59:59
%y year (00-99)
%Y year as in: 1993
%Z timezone (or nothing if not determinable)
%% a bare percent sign
Other % specifications are undefined. Other characters
will be passed through untouched. Only the C locale is
supported.
The -seconds flag introduces a number of seconds since the
epoch to be used as a source from which to format.
Otherwise, the current time is used.
The -gmt flag forces timestamp output to use the GMT
timezone. With no flag, the local timezone is used.
trap [[command] signals]
causes the given command to be executed upon future receipt
of any of the given signals. The command is executed in
the global scope. If command is absent, the signal action
is returned. If command is the string SIG_IGN, the signals
are ignored. If command is the string SIG_DFL, the signals
are result to the system default. signals is either a
single signal or a list of signals. Signals may be
specified numerically or symbolically as per signal(3).
The "SIG" prefix may be omitted.
With no arguments (or the argument -number), trap returns
the signal number of the trap command currently being
executed.
The -code flag uses the return code of the command in place
of whatever code Tcl was about to return when the command
originally started running.
The -interp flag causes the command to be evaluated using
the interpreter active at the time the command started
running rather than when the trap was declared.
The -name flag causes the trap command to return the signal
name of the trap command currently being executed.
The -max flag causes the trap command to return the largest
signal number that can be set.
For example, the command "trap {send_user "Ouch!"} SIGINT"
will print "Ouch!" each time the user presses ^C.
By default, SIGINT (which can usually be generated by
pressing ^C) and SIGTERM cause Expect to exit. This is due
to the following trap, created by default when Expect
starts.
trap exit {SIGINT SIGTERM}
If you use the -D flag to start the debugger, SIGINT is
redefined to start the interactive debugger. This is due
to the following trap:
trap {exp_debug 1} SIGINT
The debugger trap can be changed by setting the environment
variable EXPECT_DEBUG_INIT to a new trap command.
You can, of course, override both of these just by adding
trap commands to your script. In particular, if you have
your own "trap exit SIGINT", this will override the
debugger trap. This is useful if you want to prevent users
from getting to the debugger at all.
If you want to define your own trap on SIGINT but still
trap to the debugger when it is running, use:
if {![exp_debug]} {trap mystuff SIGINT}
Alternatively, you can trap to the debugger using some
other signal.
trap will not let you override the action for SIGALRM as
this is used internally to Expect. The disconnect command
sets SIGALRM to SIG_IGN (ignore). You can reenable this as
long as you disable it during subsequent spawn commands.
See signal(3) for more info.
wait [args]
delays until a spawned process (or the current process if
none is named) terminates.
wait normally returns a list of four integers. The first
integer is the pid of the process that was waited upon.
The second integer is the corresponding spawn id. The
third integer is -1 if an operating system error occurred,
or 0 otherwise. If the third integer was 0, the fourth
integer is the status returned by the spawned process. If
the third integer was -1, the fourth integer is the value
of errno set by the operating system. The global variable
errorCode is also set.
Additional elements may appear at the end of the return
value from wait. An optional fifth element identifies a
class of information. Currently, the only possible value
for this element is CHILDKILLED in which case the next two
values are the C-style signal name and a short textual
description.
The -i flag declares the process to wait corresponding to
the named spawn_id (NOT the process id). Inside a SIGCHLD
handler, it is possible to wait for any spawned process by
using the spawn id -1.
The -nowait flag causes the wait to return immediately with
the indication of a successful wait. When the process
exits (later), it will automatically disappear without the
need for an explicit wait.
The wait command may also be used wait for a forked process
using the arguments "-i -1". Unlike its use with spawned
processes, this command can be executed at any time. There
is no control over which process is reaped. However, the
return value can be checked for the process id.
Expect automatically knows about two built-in libraries for
Expect scripts. These are defined by the directories named in
the variables exp_library and exp_exec_library. Both are meant
to contain utility files that can be used by other scripts.
exp_library contains architecture-independent files.
exp_exec_library contains architecture-dependent files.
Depending on your system, both directories may be totally empty.
The existence of the file $exp_exec_library/cat-buffers describes
whether your /bin/cat buffers by default.
A vgrind definition is available for pretty-printing Expect
scripts. Assuming the vgrind definition supplied with the Expect
distribution is correctly installed, you can use it as:
vgrind -lexpect file
It many not be apparent how to put everything together that the
man page describes. I encourage you to read and try out the
examples in the example directory of the Expect distribution.
Some of them are real programs. Others are simply illustrative
of certain techniques, and of course, a couple are just quick
hacks. The INSTALL file has a quick overview of these programs.
The Expect papers (see SEE ALSO) are also useful. While some
papers use syntax corresponding to earlier versions of Expect,
the accompanying rationales are still valid and go into a lot
more detail than this man page.
Extensions may collide with Expect's command names. For example,
send is defined by Tk for an entirely different purpose. For
this reason, most of the Expect commands are also available as
"exp_XXXX". Commands and variables beginning with "exp",
"inter", "spawn", and "timeout" do not have aliases. Use the
extended command names if you need this compatibility between
environments.
Expect takes a rather liberal view of scoping. In particular,
variables read by commands specific to the Expect program will be
sought first from the local scope, and if not found, in the
global scope. For example, this obviates the need to place
"global timeout" in every procedure you write that uses expect.
On the other hand, variables written are always in the local
scope (unless a "global" command has been issued). The most
common problem this causes is when spawn is executed in a
procedure. Outside the procedure, spawn_id no longer exists, so
the spawned process is no longer accessible simply because of
scoping. Add a "global spawn_id" to such a procedure.
If you cannot enable the multispawning capability (i.e., your
system supports neither select (BSD *.*), poll (SVR>2), nor
something equivalent), Expect will only be able to control a
single process at a time. In this case, do not attempt to set
spawn_id, nor should you execute processes via exec while a
spawned process is running. Furthermore, you will not be able to
expect from multiple processes (including the user as one) at the
same time.
Terminal parameters can have a big effect on scripts. For
example, if a script is written to look for echoing, it will
misbehave if echoing is turned off. For this reason, Expect
forces sane terminal parameters by default. Unfortunately, this
can make things unpleasant for other programs. As an example,
the emacs shell wants to change the "usual" mappings: newlines
get mapped to newlines instead of carriage-return newlines, and
echoing is disabled. This allows one to use emacs to edit the
input line. Unfortunately, Expect cannot possibly guess this.
You can request that Expect not override its default setting of
terminal parameters, but you must then be very careful when
writing scripts for such environments. In the case of emacs,
avoid depending upon things like echoing and end-of-line
mappings.
The commands that accepted arguments braced into a single list
(the expect variants and interact) use a heuristic to decide if
the list is actually one argument or many. The heuristic can
fail only in the case when the list actually does represent a
single argument which has multiple embedded \n's with non-
whitespace characters between them. This seems sufficiently
improbable, however the argument "-nobrace" can be used to force
a single argument to be handled as a single argument. This could
conceivably be used with machine-generated Expect code.
Similarly, -brace forces a single argument to be handle as
multiple patterns/actions.
It was really tempting to name the program "sex" (for either
"Smart EXec" or "Send-EXpect"), but good sense (or perhaps just
Puritanism) prevailed.
On some systems, when a shell is spawned, it complains about not
being able to access the tty but runs anyway. This means your
system has a mechanism for gaining the controlling tty that
Expect doesn't know about. Please find out what it is, and send
this information back to me.
Ultrix 4.1 (at least the latest versions around here) considers
timeouts of above 1000000 to be equivalent to 0.
Digital UNIX 4.0A (and probably other versions) refuses to
allocate ptys if you define a SIGCHLD handler. See grantpt page
for more info.
IRIX 6.0 does not handle pty permissions correctly so that if
Expect attempts to allocate a pty previously used by someone
else, it fails. Upgrade to IRIX 6.1.
Telnet (verified only under SunOS 4.1.2) hangs if TERM is not
set. This is a problem under cron, at and in cgi scripts, which
do not define TERM. Thus, you must set it explicitly - to what
type is usually irrelevant. It just has to be set to something!
The following probably suffices for most cases.
set env(TERM) vt100
Tip (verified only under BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 i386) hangs if SHELL and
HOME are not set. This is a problem under cron, at and in cgi
scripts, which do not define these environment variables. Thus,
you must set them explicitly - to what type is usually
irrelevant. It just has to be set to something! The following
probably suffices for most cases.
set env(SHELL) /bin/sh
set env(HOME) /usr/local/bin
Some implementations of ptys are designed so that the kernel
throws away any unread output after 10 to 15 seconds (actual
number is implementation-dependent) after the process has closed
the file descriptor. Thus Expect programs such as
spawn date
sleep 20
expect
will fail. To avoid this, invoke non-interactive programs with
exec rather than spawn. While such situations are conceivable,
in practice I have never encountered a situation in which the
final output of a truly interactive program would be lost due to
this behavior.
On the other hand, Cray UNICOS ptys throw away any unread output
immediately after the process has closed the file descriptor. I
have reported this to Cray and they are working on a fix.
Sometimes a delay is required between a prompt and a response,
such as when a tty interface is changing UART settings or
matching baud rates by looking for start/stop bits. Usually, all
this is require is to sleep for a second or two. A more robust
technique is to retry until the hardware is ready to receive
input. The following example uses both strategies:
send "speed 9600\r";
sleep 1
expect {
timeout {send "\r"; exp_continue}
$prompt
}
trap -code will not work with any command that sits in Tcl's
event loop, such as sleep. The problem is that in the event
loop, Tcl discards the return codes from async event handlers. A
workaround is to set a flag in the trap code. Then check the
flag immediately after the command (i.e., sleep).
The expect_background command ignores -timeout arguments and has
no concept of timeouts in general.
There are a couple of things about Expect that may be non-
intuitive. This section attempts to address some of these things
with a couple of suggestions.
A common expect problem is how to recognize shell prompts. Since
these are customized differently by differently people and
different shells, portably automating rlogin can be difficult
without knowing the prompt. A reasonable convention is to have
users store a regular expression describing their prompt (in
particular, the end of it) in the environment variable
EXPECT_PROMPT. Code like the following can be used. If
EXPECT_PROMPT doesn't exist, the code still has a good chance of
functioning correctly.
set prompt "(%|#|\\$) $" ;# default prompt
catch {set prompt $env(EXPECT_PROMPT)}
expect -re $prompt
I encourage you to write expect patterns that include the end of
whatever you expect to see. This avoids the possibility of
answering a question before seeing the entire thing. In
addition, while you may well be able to answer questions before
seeing them entirely, if you answer early, your answer may
appear echoed back in the middle of the question. In other
words, the resulting dialogue will be correct but look scrambled.
Most prompts include a space character at the end. For example,
the prompt from ftp is 'f', 't', 'p', '>' and <blank>. To match
this prompt, you must account for each of these characters. It
is a common mistake not to include the blank. Put the blank in
explicitly.
If you use a pattern of the form X*, the * will match all the
output received from the end of X to the last thing received.
This sounds intuitive but can be somewhat confusing because the
phrase "last thing received" can vary depending upon the speed of
the computer and the processing of I/O both by the kernel and the
device driver.
In particular, humans tend to see program output arriving in huge
chunks (atomically) when in reality most programs produce output
one line at a time. Assuming this is the case, the * in the
pattern of the previous paragraph may only match the end of the
current line even though there seems to be more, because at the
time of the match that was all the output that had been received.
expect has no way of knowing that further output is coming unless
your pattern specifically accounts for it.
Even depending on line-oriented buffering is unwise. Not only do
programs rarely make promises about the type of buffering they
do, but system indigestion can break output lines up so that
lines break at seemingly random places. Thus, if you can express
the last few characters of a prompt when writing patterns, it is
wise to do so.
If you are waiting for a pattern in the last output of a program
and the program emits something else instead, you will not be
able to detect that with the timeout keyword. The reason is that
expect will not timeout - instead it will get an eof indication.
Use that instead. Even better, use both. That way if that line
is ever moved around, you won't have to edit the line itself.
Newlines are usually converted to carriage return, linefeed
sequences when output by the terminal driver. Thus, if you want
a pattern that explicitly matches the two lines, from, say,
printf("foo\nbar"), you should use the pattern "foo\r\nbar".
A similar translation occurs when reading from the user, via
expect_user. In this case, when you press return, it will be
translated to a newline. If Expect then passes that to a program
which sets its terminal to raw mode (like telnet), there is going
to be a problem, as the program expects a true return. (Some
programs are actually forgiving in that they will automatically
translate newlines to returns, but most don't.) Unfortunately,
there is no way to find out that a program put its terminal into
raw mode.
Rather than manually replacing newlines with returns, the
solution is to use the command "stty raw", which will stop the
translation. Note, however, that this means that you will no
longer get the cooked line-editing features.
interact implicitly sets your terminal to raw mode so this
problem will not arise then.
It is often useful to store passwords (or other private
information) in Expect scripts. This is not recommended since
anything that is stored on a computer is susceptible to being
accessed by anyone. Thus, interactively prompting for passwords
from a script is a smarter idea than embedding them literally.
Nonetheless, sometimes such embedding is the only possibility.
Unfortunately, the UNIX file system has no direct way of creating
scripts which are executable but unreadable. Systems which
support setgid shell scripts may indirectly simulate this as
follows:
Create the Expect script (that contains the secret data) as
usual. Make its permissions be 750 (-rwxr-x---) and owned by a
trusted group, i.e., a group which is allowed to read it. If
necessary, create a new group for this purpose. Next, create a
/bin/sh script with permissions 2751 (-rwxr-s--x) owned by the
same group as before.
The result is a script which may be executed (and read) by
anyone. When invoked, it runs the Expect script.
Tcl(3), libexpect(3)
"Exploring Expect: A Tcl-Based Toolkit for Automating Interactive
Programs" by Don Libes, pp. 602, ISBN 1-56592-090-2, O'Reilly and
Associates, 1995.
"expect: Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interactivity" by
Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1990 USENIX Conference,
Anaheim, California, June 11-15, 1990.
"Using expect to Automate System Administration Tasks" by Don
Libes, Proceedings of the 1990 USENIX Large Installation Systems
Administration Conference, Colorado Springs, Colorado, October
17-19, 1990.
"Tcl: An Embeddable Command Language" by John Ousterhout,
Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Conference, Washington,
D.C., January 22-26, 1990.
"expect: Scripts for Controlling Interactive Programs" by Don
Libes, Computing Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, University of California
Press Journals, November 1991.
"Regression Testing and Conformance Testing Interactive
Programs", by Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1992 USENIX
Conference, pp. 135-144, San Antonio, TX, June 12-15, 1992.
"Kibitz - Connecting Multiple Interactive Programs Together", by
Don Libes, Software - Practice & Experience, John Wiley & Sons,
West Sussex, England, Vol. 23, No. 5, May, 1993.
"A Debugger for Tcl Applications", by Don Libes, Proceedings of
the 1993 Tcl/Tk Workshop, Berkeley, CA, June 10-11, 1993.
Don Libes, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Thanks to John Ousterhout for Tcl, and Scott Paisley for
inspiration. Thanks to Rob Savoye for Expect's autoconfiguration
code.
The HISTORY file documents much of the evolution of expect. It
makes interesting reading and might give you further insight to
this software. Thanks to the people mentioned in it who sent me
bug fixes and gave other assistance.
Design and implementation of Expect was paid for in part by the
U.S. government and is therefore in the public domain. However
the author and NIST would like credit if this program and
documentation or portions of them are used.
This page is part of the expect (programmed dialogue with
interactive programs) project. Information about the project can
be found at ⟨https://core.tcl.tk/expect/index⟩. If you have a
bug report for this manual page, see
⟨https://sourceforge.net/p/expect/bugs/⟩. This page was obtained
from the tarball expect5.45.3.tar.gz fetched from
⟨http://sourceforge.net/projects/expect/files/Expect/⟩ on
2024-06-14. If you discover any rendering problems in this HTML
version of the page, or you believe there is a better or more up-
to-date source for the page, or you have corrections or
improvements to the information in this COLOPHON (which is not
part of the original manual page), send a mail to
[email protected]
29 December 1994 EXPECT(1)
Pages that refer to this page: libexpect(3), pty(7)
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